Cover plates and cover tapes for the protection and location warning of buried cables or buried conduits in underground installations

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Buried Cables ◽  
Buried Conduits ◽  
Cover Plates

Calculation And Experimental Substantiation Of Optimal Design Of The Welded Joint Of Plates On Соver Plates

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-24
Keyword(s):  
Welded Joint ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Engineering Calculation ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Physical Nonlinearity ◽  
Steel Plates ◽  
Optimal Parameters ◽  
Actual Problem ◽  
Numerical Research ◽  
Cover Plates

The article is devoted to the actual problem of assigning optimal parameters for connecting steel plates on cover plates with angular welds that are widely used in construction practice. The article presents the results of a comprehensive study of operation of a welded assembly of the plates connection on cover plates. An algorithm is proposed for determining the optimal parameters of a welded joint with fillet welds on the cover plates, which makes it possible to obtain a strength balanced connection. The results of full-scale tensile tests of models were presented. These results confirmed the correctness of the assumed design assumptions, and made it possible to obtain a form of destruction, not characteristic and not described in the normative literature, expressed by cutting the main elements along the length of the overlap in the joint. The possibility of such a form of destruction was confirmed by the results of numerical research in a nonlinear formulation. The optimal parameters of the nodal welded joint determined by engineering calculation are confirmed by experimental studies, as well as by the results of numerical experiments on models of calculation schemes, taking into account the physical nonlinearity of the material operation. The obtained dependence for determining the bearing capacity of the joint by the cut-off mechanism and the expression for limiting the overlap length of the cover plates will make it possible to predict the nature of the fracture and design equally strong joints.

scholarly journals Microanchored borehole fiber optics allows strain profiling of the shallow subsurface

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng-Cheng Zhang ◽  
Bin Shi ◽  
Song Zhang ◽  
Kai Gu ◽  
Su-Ping Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Optics ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Strain Sensing ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Shallow Subsurface ◽  
Buried Cables ◽  
Capacity Theory ◽  
Confining Pressures ◽  
Strain Determination

AbstractVertical deformation profiles of subterranean geological formations are conventionally measured by borehole extensometry. Distributed strain sensing (DSS) paired with fiber-optic cables installed in the ground opens up possibilities for acquiring high-resolution static and quasistatic strain profiles of deforming strata, but it is currently limited by reduced data quality due to complicated patterns of interaction between the buried cables and their surroundings, especially in upper soil layers under low confining pressures. Extending recent DSS studies, we present an improved approach using microanchored fiber-optic cables—designed to optimize ground-to-cable coupling at the near surface—for strain determination along entire lengths of vertical boreholes. We proposed a novel criterion for soil–cable coupling evaluation based on the geotechnical bearing capacity theory. We applied this enhanced methodology to monitor groundwater-related vertical motions in both laboratory and field experiments. Corroborating extensometer recordings, acquired simultaneously, validated fiber optically determined displacements, suggesting microanchored DSS as an improved means for detecting and monitoring shallow subsurface strain profiles.

scholarly journals Evolutionary significance of the blastozoan Eumorphocystis and its pseudo-arms

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Guensburg ◽  
James Sprinkle ◽  
Rich Mooi ◽  
Bertrand Lefebvre
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Sister Taxon ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Coelomic Cavity ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Solid Block ◽  
Cover Plates

Abstract Twelve specimens of Eumorphocystis Branson and Peck, 1940 provide the basis for new findings and a more informed assessment of whether this blastozoan (a group including eocrinoids, blastoids, diploporites, rhombiferans) constitutes the sister taxon to crinoids, as has been recently proposed. Both Eumorphocystis and earliest-known crinoid feeding appendages express longitudinal canals, a demonstrable trait exclusive to these taxa. However, the specimen series studied here shows that Eumorphocystis canals constrict proximally and travel within ambulacrals above the thecal cavity. This relationship is congruent with a documented blastozoan pattern but very unlike earliest crinoid topology. Earliest crinoid arm cavities lie fully beneath floor plates; these expand and merge directly with the main thecal coelomic cavity at thecal shoulders. Other associated anatomical features echo this contrasting comparison. Feeding appendages of Eumorphocystis lack two-tiered cover plates, podial basins/pores, and lateral arm plating, all features of earliest crinoid ‘true arms.’ Eumorphocystis feeding appendages are buttressed by solid block-like plates added during ontogeny at a generative zone below floor plates, a pattern with no known parallel among crinoids. Eumorphocystis feeding appendages express brachioles, erect extensions of floor plates, also unknown among crinoids. These several distinctions point to nonhomology of most feeding appendage anatomy, including longitudinal canals, removing Eumorphocystis and other blastozoans from exclusive relationship with crinoids. Eumorphocystis further differs from crinoids in that thecal plates express diplopores, respiratory structures not present among crinoids, but ubiquitous among certain groups of blastozoans. Phylogenetic analysis places Eumorphocystis as a crownward blastozoan, far removed from crinoids.

scholarly journals Effect of Cover Plate on the Ballistic Performance of Ceramic Armor

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Miao Sun ◽  
Wuxiong Cao ◽  
Diqi Hu ◽  
Nana Zhang ◽  
Runqiang Chi
Keyword(s):  
Plate Thickness ◽  
Cover Plate ◽  
Ballistic Performance ◽  
Transition Velocity ◽  
Free Mode ◽  
Long Rod ◽  
Lower Limits ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Velocity Region ◽  
Cover Plates

The interface defeat and dwell can effectively improve the ballistic performance of ceramic armors under high velocity impact of long rod projectiles. Confinement conditions along both axial and radial directions of ceramic armors can affect these behaviors. With the aim of giving an insight into the effect of cover plate thickness and connection mode of cover plates with confining tubes on these behaviors, numerical simulations were performed in which the confined silicon carbide (SiC) targets with cover plates were impacted by tungsten rods. The pressure on the surfaces of SiC targets with fixed cover plates are compared to that with free cover plates, showing that the plates fixed with the confining tubes can produce higher pressure by way of wedging. With the increase in cover plate thickness, the dwell duration of the tungsten rods on the ceramic interface gradually grows. In addition, the upper and lower limits of transition impact velocities for the SiC targets with cover plates in different connection modes (i.e., free or fixed) were obtained and analyzed. The results show that the increase rate of the transition velocity region for the cover plate with the fixed-mode is relatively stable and lower than with the free-mode. On this basis, the fixed cover plate contributes higher ballistic performances to the SiC target than the free cover plate. It is also noteworthy that the size of transition velocity region does not enlarge linearly with the increase in cover plate thickness due to the slow growth of the upper limit. Accordingly, thickness thresholds exist, which are 5 mm and 6 mm for the fixed and free cover plates, respectively. Considering the ballistic performance and economy, the cover plate with the thickness ranging from 3 mm to 5 mm, i.e., 1.5~2.5 times of the tungsten rod diameter, is ideal for the structural dimensions in this paper.

Behaviour of steel–concrete–steel sandwich composite beams with lacing subjected to reversed cyclic loads

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1799-1819 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Anandavalli ◽  
N Lakshmanan ◽  
J Rajasankar ◽  
GM Samuel Knight
Keyword(s):  
Energy Absorption ◽  
Composite System ◽  
Sandwich Composite ◽  
Dissipated Energy ◽  
Analytical Prediction ◽  
Hysteretic Model ◽  
Structural Behaviour ◽  
Concrete Core ◽  
Shear Connectors ◽  
Cover Plates

Steel–concrete–steel (SCS) sandwich composite system consists of steel plates covering both sides of the concrete core and connected by mechanical means such as shear connectors. In conventional steel–concrete–steel system, shear connectors are welded to the steel cover plates. Laced steel–concrete composite (LSCC) system is a new form of steel–concrete–steel, proposed earlier by the authors. In LSCC system, steel cover plates are connected in a novel way using lacings and cross rods and hence is devoid of welding. Proposed sandwich composite system is being evaluated systematically for its structural behaviour under various modes of loading for use in special structures under severe loading such as blast loading. Damage under cyclic loading and energy absorption are extremely important, which are highlighted in this paper. An experimental investigation on the cyclic response behaviour of two LSCC beams is carried out. Angle of lacing is the parameter that is varied between the two beams. Both the beams are found to exhibit similar behaviour on most of the aspects. The envelope of hysteretic response indicates mild softening behaviour after reaching peak value. Maximum load resisted under both sagging and hogging moment conditions is found to be nearly equal, thus making the LSCC system suitable for situations where reversal of loads are encountered. Dissipated energy is observed to be nearly the same for the load applied in the upward as well as in the downward direction. Analytical prediction on energy absorption capacity is carried out by adopting a hysteretic model with strength deterioration. Cyclic ductility factor is evaluated to be about 20 for LSCC beams, while support rotation is calculated to be about 8° and 10° for beams with 45° and 60° angles of lacing, respectively. Spalling of concrete is prevented in LSCC beams by the steel cover plates.

Mechanical Modeling of Thin Films and Cover Plates Bonded to Graded Substrates

2008 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet A. Guler
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Stress Intensity ◽  
Interfacial Shear Stress ◽  
Contact Problems ◽  
Stress Concentrations ◽  
Elastic Continuum ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Initiation And Propagation ◽  
Axial Normal Stress ◽  
Cover Plates

In this study, the contact problems of thin films and cover plates are considered. In these problems, the loading consists of any one or combination of stresses caused by uniform temperature changes and temperature excursions, far field mechanical loading, and residual stresses resulting from film processing or welding. The primary interest in this study is in examining stress concentrations or singularities near the film ends for the purpose of addressing the question of crack initiation and propagation in the substrate or along the interface. The underlying contact mechanics problem is formulated by assuming that the film is a “membrane” and the substrate a graded elastic continuum, and is solved analytically by reducing it to an integral equation. The calculated results are the interfacial shear stress between the film and the graded substrate, the Mode II stress intensity factor at the end of the film, and the axial normal stress in the film. The results indicate that grading the material properties of the substrate helps to decrease the film stresses and the stress intensity factors at the free edges and to lower the axial normal stresses at the midsection where the film is most likely to crack.

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