Evaluation of Dye Fixatives – A Comparative Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. John Sundar ◽  
C. Muralidharan
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Unit Process ◽  
Leather Processing ◽  
Spent Liquor ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

Dyeing is the important unit process in leather manufacturing, which adds value to the leather. Although formic acid is used for fixing of dyes in leather processing, difficulties do arise in fixation of certain dye stuffs. Further high quantities of formic acid used do create health issues and adds to high cost of production. Compounds such as formic acid, acetic acid, mixture of organic acids and quaternary ammonium compounds have been found to function as dye fixatives. The efficacy of these compounds to function as dye fixatives for various dye stuffs and substances either alone or along with formic acid has been studied in detail in this work. The physical and color characteristics of leather and spent liquor analysis have been carried out.

scholarly journals Chemicals with a natural reference for controlling water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarek Abd El-Ghafar El-Shahawy
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Water Hyacinth ◽  
Eichhornia Crassipes ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Aquatic Weeds ◽  
Herbicide Glyphosate

AbstractLife cannot exist without water. Appropriate management of water, from the water’s source to its utilization, is necessary to sustain life. Aquatic weeds pose a serious threat to aquatic environments and related eco-environments. Short- and long-term planning to control aquatic weeds is extremely important. Water hyacinth,Eichhornia crassipes(Mart.) Solms, is one of the world’s worst pests with a bad reputation as an invasive weed. In this study we are seeking the possibility of using certain chemicals with a natural background, for controlling water hyacinth since there is a delicate balance that needs to be taken into account when using herbicides in water. Five compounds, namely: acetic acid, citric acid, formic acid, and propionic acid, in three concentrations (10, 15, and 20%) were applied (i.e. as a foliar application under wire-house conditions) and compared with the use of the herbicide glyphosate (1.8 kg ∙ ha−1). All of the five compounds performed well in the control of the water hyacinth. As expected, the efficacy increased as the concentration was increased from 10 to 20%. With formic and propionic acids, the plants died earlier than when the other acids or the herbicide glyphosate, were used. Acetic acid came after formic and propionic acids in terms of efficacy. Citric acid ranked last. Formic acid/propionic acid mixtures showed superior activity in suppressing water hyacinth growth especially at the rate of (8 : 2) at the different examined concentrations (3 or 5 or 10%) compared to the formic acid/acetic acid mixtures. Using the formic acid/propionic acid mixture (8 : 2; at 3%) in the open field, provided good control and confirmed the viability of these chemicals in the effective control of water hyacinth. Eventually, these chemical treatments could be used on water for controlling water hyacinth. In the future, these chemicals could probably replace the traditional herbicides widely used in this regard. These chemicals are perceived as environmentally benign for their rapid degradation to carbon dioxide and water. For maximum efficiency thorough coverage especially in bright sunlight is essential.

scholarly journals Separation of water – formic acid – acetic acid mixtures in the presence of sulfolane

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 24-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. Raeva ◽  
O. V. Gromova
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Distillation Column ◽  
Extractive Distillation ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Working Pressure ◽  
Component Mixture ◽  
Distillation Flowsheets ◽  
Main Factor

In this paper, extractive distillation flowsheets for water–formic acid–acetic acid mixtures were designed. Flowsheets not involving preliminary dehydration were considered, and the relative volatilities of the components in the presence of sulfolane were analyzed. The result of extractive distillation depends on the amount of sulfolane. The structure of the flowsheet is determined by the results of the basic ternary mixture extractive distillation. In three-column flowsheets (schemes I, II), water is isolated in the distillate of the extractive distillation column. In the second column, distillation of the formic acid–acetic acid–sulfolane mixture is carried out, yielding formic acid (90 wt %) and acetic acid (80 wt %). The recycled flow is returned to the first column. Dilution of the formic acid–acetic acid–sulfolane mixture with sulfolane (second column of flowsheet II) allows for acids of higher quality (main substance content equal to or more than 98.5 wt %) to be obtained. Flowsheet III includes four columns and two recycling stages. First, the water–formic acid mixture is isolated in the distillate of the extractive distillation column. Then, water and formic acid are separated in a two-column complex by extractive distillation, also with sulfolane. We were carrying out calculations for column working pressure 101.32 and 13.33 kPa. To prevent thermal decomposition of sulfolane, working pressure for regeneration columns was always 13.33 kPa. The extractive distillation column of the basic three-component mixture is the main factor contributing to the total energy consumption for separation (in all schemes).

INTAKE AND DIGESTIBILITY OF ORGANIC ACID-TREATED BARLEY SILAGE FED TO STEERS AND SHEEP

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. CANDLISH ◽  
K. W. CLARK ◽  
J. R. INGALLS
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Original Plant ◽  
Weight Gain Data ◽  
Lactic Acids

Chopped barley, 35–40% dry matter, was treated with 0.41% formic acid, 0.43% formic acid-formaldehyde mixture, 0.43% formic acid–acetic acid mixture, and 0.34% ChemStor (propionic acid–acetic acid) at the time of ensiling. The silages were fed to 60 growing beef calves during 154 days for intake and weight gain data and to eight sheep during 16 wk for digestibility studies. Acid treatment of barley prior to ensiling tended to reduce soluble nitrogen of the silage. Less acetic and lactic acids were present in acid-treated silages. Feed intake was not different (P > 0.05) among the treatments. Weight gain was lower (P < 0.05) for calves receiving formic–formaldehyde and formic acid-treated silage compared with those receiving nontreated silage. Feed efficiency was reduced (P < 0.05) for the three treatments containing formic acid compared with nontreated silage. Digestibility of dry matter, energy, and organic matter were not different (P > 0.05) among treatments. Treatment of silage with formic acid-formaldehyde resulted in reduced (P < 0.05) protein digestibility compared with control and ChemStor-treated silages. A better preservation of original plant carbohydrates when acids were added was indicated by a lower concentration of acetic and lactic acids in acid-treated silages.

Determination of quaternary ammonium compounds in food products by the method of ultra-performance liquid chromatography/high resolution mass-spectrometry

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (8) ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
V. G. Amelin ◽  
D. S. Bolshakov
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ◽  
High Resolution Mass ◽  
Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Resolution Mass

The goal of the study is developing a methodology for determination of the residual amounts of quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) in food products by UHPLC/high-resolution mass spectrometry after water-acetonitrile extraction of the determined components from the analyzed samples. The identification and determination of QAC was carried out on an «UltiMate 3000» ultra-high-performance liquid chromatograph (Thermo Scientific, USA) equipped with a «maXis 4G» high-resolution quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometric detector and an ion spray «ionBooster» source (Bruker Daltonics, Germany). Samples of milk, cheese (upper cortical layer), dumplings, pork, chicken skin and ground beef were used as working samples. Optimal conditions are specified for chromatographic separation of the mixture of five QAC, two of them being a mixture of homologues with a linear structure (including isomeric forms). The identification of QAC is carried out by the retention time, exact mass of the ions, and coincidence of the mSigma isotopic distribution. The limits for QAC detection are 0.1 – 0.5 ng/ml, the determination limits are 1 ng/ml for aqueous standard solutions. The determinable content of QAC in food products ranges within 1 – 100 ng/g. The results of analysis revealed the residual amount of QAC present in all samples, which confirms data of numerous sources of information about active use of QAC-based disinfectants in the meat and dairy industry. The correctness of the obtained results is verified by introduction of the additives in food products at a level of 10 ng/g for each QAC. The relative standard deviation of the analysis results does not exceed 0.18. The duration of the analysis is 30 – 40 min.

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