Improving Tearing Resistance of Leather - Part 2 Prevention and Treatment of Low Tearing Strength in the Tannery

2022 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Tournier ◽  
Fernando Lado
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Collagen Fibers ◽  
Significant Source ◽  
Tear Strength ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
World Class ◽  
Tearing Resistance ◽  
Over 40 Years ◽  
Tearing Strength ◽  
Production Part

An appropriate tear strength is one of the main properties that concern customers and it is also a significant source of claims. The authors make a review of the production process, focusing on each step that can either damage the natural strength of collagen fibers or improve them, and therefore, the leather. The aim of this work, divided in Part 1 and 2, is to transfer field tannery experiences collected over 40 years of activity in different tanneries, to colleagues that are looking for world class leather production. Part 1 has been published in JALCA, 116 (12), 2021.

Improving Tearing Resistance of Leather - Part 1 Prevention and Treatment of Low Tearing Strength in the Tannery

2021 ◽  
Vol 116 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Tournier ◽  
Fernando Lado
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Collagen Fibers ◽  
Significant Source ◽  
Tear Strength ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
World Class ◽  
Tearing Resistance ◽  
Over 40 Years ◽  
Tearing Strength

An appropriate tear strength is one of the main properties that concern customers and it is also a significant source of claims. The authors make a review of the production process, focusing on each step that can either damage the natural strength of collagen fibers or improve them and therefore, the leather. Although the authors’ experience is in bovine hides, the general concepts presented in this paper may be applied to other types of hides and skins. The aim of this work is to transfer field tannery experiences collected over 40 years of activity in different tanneries, to colleagues that are looking for world class leather production.

Tanning Chemicals’ Influence in Leather Tensile and Tear Strength Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 115 (11) ◽  
pp. 409-412
Author(s):  
Ricardo Tournier
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Collagen Fibers ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Tear Strength ◽  
Technical Community ◽  
Tanning Process ◽  
The Impact

For over 100 years of tanning research, it is still arguable whether tanning chemicals weaken, strengthen or have an effect on the skin's original collagen fibers. The current paper is a review of the literature regarding the impact of the tanning process on the mechanical properties of leather specifically, tensile and tear strength, that raises several questions about this topic. A call is made for the scientific and technical community to address these questions

scholarly journals PENGARUH PENYAMAKAN ZIRKONIUM TERHADAP UJI KEKUATAN TARIK, UJI KEKUATAN SOBEK, UJI KEMULURAN DAN UJI SUHU KERUT PADA BERBAGAI JENIS KULIT IKAN (The Effect of Zirconium Tanning Against Tensile Strength Test, Strength Test of Tear, Glide Test, and Wrinkle Temperature Test on Different Fish Types)

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Rokhmah Hergiyani ◽  
Y. S. Darmanto ◽  
Lukita Purnamayati
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Strength Test ◽  
Collagen Fibers ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Tear Strength ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The One ◽  
Physical Changes

Kulit ikan merupakan limbah perikanan yang dapat memberikan dampak negatif pada lingkungan. Salah satu cara untuk menanggulangi limbah tersebut adalah dengan proses penyamakan kulit. Penyamakan kulit adalah rangkaian proses yang sangat kompleks terjadi banyak perubahan fisik dan kimia di satu sisi, bagian yang tidak berguna dihilangkan dari kulit mentah untuk mendapatkan serat kolagen murni dan membuka struktur serat kolagen. Proses penyamakan yang tidak baik mengakibatkan kulit menjadi rusak, lemas, dan kebusukan, sehingga penanganannya dapat dengan cara menambah bahan penyamak untuk menguatkan dan menghindari kebusukan. Bahan penyamak yang digunakan yaitu zirconium. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh penyamakan zirkonium terhadap uji kekuatan tarik, uji kekuatan sobek, uji kemuluran dan uji suhu kerut pada berbagai jenis ikan. Bahan baku yang digunakan adalah kulit ikan nila, kakap dan bandeng. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah experimental laboratories menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan tiga kali ulangan dan  menggunakan analisa ragam ANOVA. Hasil uji menunjukan penggunaan zirkonium 7,5% terhadap kulit ikan nila, kakap, dan bandeng berpengaruh nyata (p<0,05) pada kekuatan tarik, kekuatan sobek, kemuluran dan suhu kerut pada karakteristik penyamakan. Penggunaan bahan penyamak zirkonium 7,5% terbaik dihasilkan oleh kulit ikan kakap pada uji kekuatan tarik 1675,84 N/cm2, kekuatan sobek 163,92 N/cm2 dan uji suhu kerut 103,45˚C sedangkan kemuluran untuk hasil terbaik pada kulit bandeng sebesar 28,74%, jadi setiap ikan mempunyai ciri kulit tersendiri pada setiap parameter uji. The skin of the fish waste is a fishery that can give a negative impact on the environment. One way of tackling the waste is by the process of tanning leather. Tanning is a very complex processes occur many chemical and physical changes on the one hand, the useless removed from rawhide to get pure collagen fibers and the open structure of the collagen fibers. The process of tanning is not a good result in the skin becomes broken, buckled, and corruption, so that responses can be with how to add ingredients to strengthen Tanner and avoid corruption. On the research of materials used i.e. Tanners used are zirconium.. The purpose of this research is to know the influence of zirconium tanning against test tensile strength, tear strength test, test and test temperature wrinkle elongation on various types of fish. The raw material used is leather fish tilapia, milkfish and snapper. Research methods used are experimental laboratories using Complete Random Design (RAL) with three-time repeats and a range of analysis using ANOVA. Test results showed the use of zirconium 7.5% against the skin of the fish, snapper, tilapia and milkfish influential real (p < 0.05) on the tensile strength, tear strength, elongation and wrinkle on temperature characteristics of tanning. The use of zirconium Tanner 7.5% best produced by skin test on a snapper 1675.84 tensile strength N/cm2, the strength of RIP 163.92 N/cm2 and test the temperature of the wrinkle 103,45 ˚ C while elongation for the best results on the skin of the banding of 28.74%, so each fish has its own skin characteristics on each test parameter.

scholarly journals THE TEARING STRENGTH ANALYSIS OFDENIM FABRICS WITH DIFFERENT WEFT YARN TYPE AND WEFT YARN LAYOUT

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 125-131
Author(s):  
Münevver ERTEK AVCI ◽  
Esin SARIOĞLU ◽  
Gizem KARAKAN GÜNAYDIN
Keyword(s):  
Strength Properties ◽  
Weft Yarn ◽  
Strength Analysis ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Spun Yarn ◽  
Spun Yarns ◽  
Denim Fabric ◽  
Tearing Resistance ◽  
Dual Core ◽  
Tearing Strength

Denim fabrics which are highly demanded products among the world have high consumption rate in the textile market. Those fabrics may be utilized for different purposes. Durability, elasticity, wearing resistance are the important expected properties from denim fabrics. Tearing resistance of denim fabrics in use is another parameter that should be considered. This study includes the investigation of tearing properties of denim fabrics produced from single core (Polyethylene terephthalate/Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PET/PTT) bicomponent filament and elastane) and dual core (PET/PTT+elastane feeding simultaneously) spun yarns utilized as weft yarns. Denim fabrics with different layout of these weft yarns with uncovered PET/PTT bicomponent filament were produced in order to compare the tearing strength properties in warp and weft wise. Results revealed that highest tearing strength of weft wise was obtained from denim fabrics at 2F:2CY layout where two uncovered PET/PTT bicomponent filament and two PET/PTT bicomponent filament+elastane dual core-spun yarn were used consecutively in the layouts. The lowest tearing strength was found among the denim fabrics at 1F:6CY layout where one uncovered PET/PTT bicomponent filament and six PET/PTT bicomponent filament+elastane dual core-spun yarns were used consecutively in the layouts. According to statistical evaluation; Weft yarn type, weft yarn layout and their interaction in the fabric were found to having significant effects on tearing strength for both warp and weft direction of denim fabric at significance level of 0.05.

scholarly journals The Effect Of Weave Construction On Tear Strength Of Woven Fabrics

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selin Hanife Eryuruk ◽  
Fatma Kalaoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Woven Fabric ◽  
Tear Strength ◽  
Plain Weave ◽  
Fabric Structure ◽  
Tearing Strength

Abstract The tear strength of a woven fabric is very important, since it is more closely related to serviceability of the fabric. Tearing strength of the fabrics depend on the mobility of the yarn within the fabric structure. In this study, the tearing strength of four types of fabrics warp rib, weft rib, ripstop and plain weave were analysed, which were produced in different densities and with filament and texturised polyester yarns.

scholarly journals The Influence of the Production Process on Mechanical Properties of Rubber Testing Samples

2014 ◽  
Vol 1025-1026 ◽  
pp. 37-41
Author(s):  
Adam Skrobak ◽  
Michal Stanek ◽  
David Manas ◽  
Martin Ovsik ◽  
Vojtech Senkerik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Injection Molding ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Production Technology ◽  
Tear Strength ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Negative Effect

The article deals with the influence of production technology on mechanical properties of rubber testing samples. In practice, rubber testing samples are cut out from a compression molded sheet, also in case of testing of rubber compounds appointed for injection molding. However, the different way of the preparation of testing samples and the production itself may have a negative effect on the mechanical properties of the final product. Thus the article judges, to what extent the mechanical properties (tensile strength, extension, tear strength and microhardness) of testing samples from selected rubber materials are influenced by injection molding, and evaluates the possible divergence.

Effect of finishing chemicals on tearing strength of plain-woven cotton fabric

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-243
Author(s):  
Priyanka Gupta ◽  
Manas Datta Roy ◽  
Subrata Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Processing Stage ◽  
Tear Strength ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pullout Force ◽  
Yarn Strength ◽  
Wet Processing ◽  
Tearing Strength

Purpose This paper aims to assess the relationships amongst the tearing strength of fabrics after each chemical processing stage and after finishing of plain-woven cotton fabric. An effort has been made to study the effect of different finishing chemicals (tear improver) and their different concentrations on the high-density fabric tear strength and its sub-component with respect to the co-efficient of friction value of yarns for all the fabric samples. It also aims to establish a statistical model for prediction of tear strength with identified parameters as yarn–yarn friction co-efficient, yarn pullout force and single yarn strength. Design/methodology/approach In case of woven fabrics, it cannot be assumed that only yarn friction plays the role in deciding fabric-tearing strength. Whether the static or kinetic frictions need to be considered or the linear or capstan frictions have to be analyzed, to incorporate the results of friction analysis in the tearing behavior, need to be assessed. In the present work through a fabrication of yarn–yarn friction measurement, under a synchronized slow speed as that of actual fabric tearing (50 mm/min), has been carried out. After each wet processing stage, surface characteristics of yarns have been changed. Surface of yarns becomes smoother after finishing and rough after dyeing, which affects the co-efficient of friction of yarns, accordingly. Findings After each wet processing stage, the surface characteristics of yarns are changed. Surface structure of yarns becomes smooth after finishing and rough after dyeing, which affects the co-efficient of friction of yarns. For all the fabrics, the weft-way tearing strength is always higher than warp-way tearing strength. It is also observed that yarn pullout force is not the only responsible factor for tearing strength of such fabric. It is because of the combined action of yarn–yarn friction, yarn pullout force and single yarn strength for a given structure. Research limitations/implications A more extensive investigation with respect to concentration as well as further variety of chemicals requires to be identified for the optimum concentration level for each chemical. A mathematical model based on the three parameters as yarn–yarn co-efficient of friction, yarn pullout force and yarn strength for all woven fabric structure to achieve optimum strength level has been established which could be further extended for each fabric structures. Practical implications The problem has been identified from the day-to-day exercise of the commercial textile industry. The whole of the sample preparations have been done in the industry by using commercial machines under standard industrial conditions. The findings have been discussed and suitably introduced in the industry. Originality/value The whole of this paper has been unique in idea origination, sample preparation and execution of tests. The findings are very important for the researchers as well as for textile industry.

Enhanced Production Process to Reduce Warranty

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Michael-Shenouda ◽  
Badih Jawad ◽  
Craig Zinser ◽  
Liping Liu ◽  
Sabah Abro
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Approval Process ◽  
Effect Analysis ◽  
Enhanced Production ◽  
Key Points ◽  
And Function ◽  
First Time ◽  
Function Testing ◽  
Production Part

The present work aims at helping the automotive industry reduce warranty. First of all, an equation was developed to predict the warranty Incident per Thousand Vehicle (IPTV) ahead. A study was done to analyze the key points of quality that are related to Production Part Approval Process (PPAP): Design Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (DFMEA), First Time Quality (FTQ), complexity of the part, and Controlled Shipping (CS) to statically show the warranty reduction among different suppliers. Secondly, an Enhanced Production Process was implemented in March, 2016 in a supplier in Mexico. The Enhanced Audit Station ensures that the supplier is enforcing the PPAP requirements. The four most important components are: Touch Appearance Lighting and Color (TALC), Appearance Approval Report (AAR), Dimensional Checks, and Function Testing. The enhanced process can provide more confidence in the life of a part in terms of producing quality parts and catching any defects that may result from a line move, or sub-tier change. If the supplier sets a process that is implemented at the End of Line (EOL), they will spend more time doing the proposed audit for their component. This will result in earlier identification of defects, parts that are out of tolerance, or parts that do not meet PPAP requirements. This process also might require spending extra money to run testing and can be included in the piece cost, but will save money by reducing warranty and by gaining repeat customers.

Methionine-Specific Staining of Collagen

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 294-295
Author(s):  
E.M. Kuhn ◽  
K.D. Marenus ◽  
M. Beer
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Collagen Fibers ◽  
Type Iii Collagen ◽  
Type I ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Good Correspondence ◽  
Specific Staining ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Sulfur Containing

Fibers composed of different types of collagen cannot be differentiated by conventional electron microscopic stains. We are developing staining procedures aimed at identifying collagen fibers of different types.Pt(Gly-L-Met)Cl binds specifically to sulfur-containing amino acids. Different collagens have methionine (met) residues at somewhat different positions. A good correspondence has been reported between known met positions and Pt(GLM) bands in rat Type I SLS (collagen aggregates in which molecules lie adjacent to each other in exact register). We have confirmed this relationship in Type III collagen SLS (Fig. 1).

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