Paste Fill Plant Designs for Underground Mines — A Comparison of Batch Process and Continuous Process

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Pornillos
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Process ◽  
Batch Process ◽  
Underground Mines ◽  
Paste Fill

scholarly journals Comparative evaluation of properties of a clay based ceramic shaped via four techniques

Cerâmica ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (370) ◽  
pp. 176-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. I. Torres ◽  
N. M. Rendtorff ◽  
M. Cipollone ◽  
E. F. Aglietti ◽  
G. Suárez
Keyword(s):  
Sintering Temperature ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Slip Casting ◽  
Textural Properties ◽  
Batch Process ◽  
Ceramic Ware ◽  
Kaolinite Clay ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Quantitative Properties ◽  
Forming Methods

Abstract The results of qualitative and quantitative properties of clay based ceramic are presented in this work. Four different shaping methods and sintering temperatures were used to understand their influence in the final properties of a ceramic material formulated using kaolinite clay and calcined alumina. This material can be used as a structural ceramic for different applications, and there is no pre-established relation between the forming method and the final sintered properties. Forming methods used to prepare the samples were uniaxial pressing (a batch process that allows application in dry samples), extruding (a continuous process that requires moisture), slip casting (a process that allows to shape complex ceramic ware), and lamination (a batch process that requires moisture). Sintering temperatures were in the range of 1100 and 1400 °C. In order to compare how properties behave as the shaping method and sintering temperature change, textural properties, shrinkage, porosimetry, phase composition and mechanical strength were evaluated and analyzed. Scanning electron microscopy and microtomography were employed for analyzing and comparing the developed microstructures. Differences in the resulting properties are explained in terms of the developed crystalline phases and microstructure.

scholarly journals Food Grade Ethanol Production Process of Sorghum Stem Juice Using Immobilized Cells Technique

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tri Widjaja ◽  
Ali Altway ◽  
Arief Widjaja ◽  
Umi Rofiqah ◽  
Rr Whiny Hardiyati Erlian
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Molecular Sieve ◽  
Zymomonas Mobilis ◽  
Immobilized Cells ◽  
Ethanol Yield ◽  
Continuous Fermentation ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Pichia Stipitis ◽  
Batch Process ◽  
Food Grade

One form of economic development efforts for waste utilization in rural communities is to utilize stem sorghum to produce food grade ethanol. Sorghum stem juice with 150 g/L of sugar concentration was fermented using conventional batch process and cell immobilization continuous process with K-carrageenan as a supporting matrix. The microorganism used was Mutated Zymomonas Mobilis to be compared with a mixture of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Pichia Stipitis, and a mixture of Mutated Zymomonas Mobilis and Pichia Stipitis. Ethanol in the broth, result of fermentation process, was separated in packed distillation column. Distilate of the column, still contain water and other impurities, was flown into molecular sieve for dehydration and activated carbon adsorption column to remove the other impurities to meet food grade ethanol specification. The packing used in distillation process was steel wool. For batch fermentation, the fermentation using a combination of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Pichia Stipitis produced the best ethanol with 12.07% of concentration, where the yield and the productivity were 63.49%, and 1.06 g/L.h, respectively. And for continuous fermentation, the best ethanol with 9.02% of concentration, where the yield and the productivity were 47.42% and 174.27 g/L.h, respectively, is obtained from fermentation using a combination of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Pichia Stipitis also. Fermentation using combination microorganism of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Pichia Stipitis produced higher concentration of ethanol, yield, and productivity than other microorganisms. Distillation, molecular sieve dehydration and adsorption process is quite successful in generating sufficient levels of ethanol with relatively low amount of impurities.

Thermal Lethality of Salmonella Senftenberg and Listeria innocua in Fully Cooked and Packaged Chicken Breast Strips via Steam Pasteurization

2001 ◽  
Vol 64 (12) ◽  
pp. 2083-2087 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Y. MURPHY ◽  
L. K. DUNCAN ◽  
E. R. JOHNSON ◽  
M. D. DAVIS ◽  
R. E. WOLFE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Process ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Batch Process ◽  
Cooking Time ◽  
Listeria Innocua ◽  
Batch Processes ◽  
Chicken Breast ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Fully Cooked ◽  
Salmonella Senftenberg

Fully cooked chicken breast strips were surface inoculated to contain 9 log10 (CFU/g) Salmonella Senftenberg or Listeria innocua. The inoculated products were vacuum packaged in 0.2-mm-thick barrier bags (241 by 114 mm), then steam pasteurized at 88°C in a continuous process for 26 to 40 min or in a batch process for 33 to 41 min. After the treatments, the products were analyzed for the survivors of Salmonella or Listeria. The models were developed to correlate the surviving rate of Salmonella and Listeria with cooking time for both continuous and batch processes. A cooking time of 34 min was needed to achieve 7 logs of the reduction in a batch process. To achieve the same log reduction, a longer (6 min) cooking time was needed in a batch process than in a continuous process. The results from this study will be useful for processors to evaluate postcooking treatment procedures for ready-to-eat meat products.

scholarly journals Kernel Fisher Envelope Surface for Pattern Recognition

2022 ◽  
pp. 101-117
Author(s):  
Jing Wang ◽  
Jinglin Zhou ◽  
Xiaolu Chen
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Batch Process ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Envelope Surface ◽  
Production Cycles ◽  
Complex Features ◽  
Batch Data

AbstractIt is found that the batch process is more difficultly monitored compared with the continuous process, due to its complex features, such as nonlinearity, non-stable operation, unequal production cycles, and most variables only measured at the end of batch. Traditional methods for batch process, such as multiway FDA (Chen 2004) and multi-model FDA (He et al. 2005), cannot solve these issues well. They require complete batch data only available at the end of a batch. Therefore, the complete batch trajectory must be estimated real time, or alternatively only the measured values at the current moment are used for online diagnosis. Moreover, the above approaches do not consider the problem of inconsistent production cycles.

Kinetics of Camphene Esterification to Isobornyl Acetate

2011 ◽  
Vol 233-235 ◽  
pp. 990-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dian Hua Liu ◽  
Ding Ye Fang ◽  
Qin Qin Guan ◽  
A Jian Tao
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Kinetic Model ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Space Velocity ◽  
Batch Process ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Continuous Reaction ◽  
Kinetics Of

The conventional process for isobornyl acetate synthesis from camphene and acetic acid is a batch process. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize isobornyl acetate in continuous process in a fixed bed reactor. The continuous reaction conditions were studied. The experiment was put into practice under the following conditions: 35-45, camphene/acetic acid feed ratio(wt%) from 1 to 2 and space velocity from 0.6 to 1.8 h-1. A kinetic model was developed which describes the experimental data well. A pilot fixed reactor was simulated by using the kinetic model.

Analysis of Polymerization Kinetics and the Use of a Digital Computer

1961 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 995-1133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shean-lin Liu ◽  
Neal R. Amundson
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Molecular Weight Distribution ◽  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Digital Computer ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Monomer Concentration ◽  
Batch Process ◽  
Active Species ◽  
Rate Equations

Abstract The design of chemical reactors for polymerization and degradation processes requires the consideration of the kinetics of reaction systems which may contain several hundred or even thousand consecutive and simultaneous reactions. The problem is further complicated by the fact that the kinetic mechanisms for these processes are not well established. The present paper is a theoretical analysis of addition polymerization, copolymerization and degradation systems occurring in both continuous stirred tank and batch reactors for a number of kinetic models reported in the literature. Analytical solutions are derived for the steady state continuous process. In the batch process a steady state is not assumed and approximately 200 simultaneous first order differential equations for species concentrations are solved numerically. The paper is divided into three parts. Addition polymerization is discussed in the first part for each of the special cases of monomer, spontaneous, combination and disproportionation termination. For the continuous process, the steady state concentrations of the polymers arc obtained and the molecular weight distribution function and the optimum isothermal operating temperature are discussed. For the batch process, the rate equations are solved numerically by the Runge-Kutta method on a digital computer and the effects of the system parameters on the monomer concentration profile and the molecular weight distribution are examined. By the use of numerical methods with a digital computer it is possible to obtain the concentration of each of a large number of polymer species during the course of polymerization. The result of computation shows that the steady state assumption for active polymer species is not accurate, especially in early stage of reaction, and as well, is inaccurate also for high molecular weight active species. In the case of spontaneous termination, the rate of monomer consumption is slower than that in the case of monomer termination, because the monomer is reproduced by the termination process of the active polymer, P1. The profiles of monomer concentration and molecular weight distribution are the same for the cases of no termination and combination termination. Essentially the same treatment is made for copolymerization in the second part. This time the two simultaneous algebraic equations for the monomer concentrations are solved by the Newton-Raphsom method and these are then used to obtain the steady state concentrations of the copolymer species as functions of the system parameters. The analysis of the batch case involves the numerical solution of 194 simultaneous nonlinear first order differential equations. It is shown that the steady state approximation for the active copolymer concentrations cannot be made. There is a little delay in the formation of the dead species relative to that of the corresponding active copolymer. This is expected, because the dead species are produced by the termination reactions of the corresponding active species. In the third part, degradation is considered as random scission, as a chain reaction, and as a reverse polymerization. The rate equations describing the random scission process in a batch reactor arc shown to be linear so that they may be solved by methods of straightforward integration and by matrixes, while the chain reaction and reverse polymerization mechanism require the same numerical techniques as used for polymerization.

scholarly journals Invertase, glucose oxidase and catalase for converting sucrose to fructose and gluconic acid through batch and membrane-continuous reactors

2011 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Ramos da Silva ◽  
Ester Junko Tomotani ◽  
Michele Vitolo
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Oxidase ◽  
Gluconic Acid ◽  
Membrane Reactor ◽  
Feeding Rate ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Batch Process ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Simultaneous Addition ◽  
Sequential Addition ◽  
Varied Concentration

Conversion of sucrose into fructose and gluconic acid using invertase, glucose oxidase and catalase was studied by discontinuous (sequential or simultaneous addition of the enzymes) and continuous (simultaneous addition of the enzymes in a 100 kDa-ultrafiltration membrane reactor) processes. The following parameters were varied: concentration of enzymes, initial concentration of substrates (sucrose and glucose), pH, temperature and feeding rate (for continuous process). The highest yield of conversion (100%) was attained through the discontinuous (batch) process carried out at pH 4.5 and 37 ºC by the sequential addition of invertase (14.3 U), glucose oxidase (10,000 U) and catalase (59,000 U).

scholarly journals Dynamic and Statistical Operability of an Experimental Batch Process

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 441
Author(s):  
Willy R. de Araujo ◽  
Fernando V. Lima ◽  
Heleno Bispo
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Process ◽  
Batch Process ◽  
Information Management System ◽  
Batch Processes ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
Analysis Process ◽  
Process Operation

The operability approach has been traditionally applied to measure the ability of a continuous process to achieve desired specifications, given physical or design restrictions and considering expected disturbances at steady state. This paper introduces a novel dynamic operability analysis for batch processes based on classical operability concepts. In this analysis, all sets and statistical region delimitations are quantified using mathematical operations involving polytopes at every time step. A statistical operability analysis centered on multivariate correlations is employed for the first time to evaluate desired output sets during transition that serve as references to be followed to achieve the final process specifications. A dynamic design space for a batch process is, thus, generated through this analysis process and can be used in practice to guide process operation. A probabilistic expected disturbance set is also introduced, whereby the disturbances are described by pseudorandom variables and disturbance scenarios other than worst-case scenarios are considered, as is done in traditional operability methods. A case study corresponding to a pilot batch unit is used to illustrate the developed methods and to build a process digital twin to generate large datasets by running an automated digital experimentation strategy. As the primary data source of the analysis is built in a time-series database, the developed framework can be fully integrated into a plant information management system (PIMS) and an Industry 4.0 infrastructure.

Comparison Tools for Parametric Identification of Kinetic Model for Ethanol Production using Evolutionary Optimization Approach

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1201-1209 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. López-Pérez ◽  
H. Puebla ◽  
H. I. Velázquez Sánchez ◽  
R. Aguilar-López
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Model ◽  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Dilution Rate ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Parametric Identification ◽  
Batch Process ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Recycled Paper ◽  
Operational Strategies ◽  
Parametric Adjustment

Abstract Living cells, type of substrate, enzymatic hydrolysis play an important role in the efficiency of ethanol production; however, the kinetic parameters of biochemical reactions necessary for modelling these processes are often not accessible directly through experiments. In this context, for the implementation of suitable operational strategies, it is necessary to have kinetic models able to describe the process as realistically as possible. This paper proposes a comparative study of two nonlinear techniques for parametric identification of a kinetic model for ethanol production from recycled paper sludge in order to improve process performance. The parameters of the model are optimized by two methods: using the Levenberg–Marquardt optimization approach and Genetic Algorithms. The performances of both techniques are evaluated using a numerical simulation. The optimal value of these parameters have been obtained based on Genetic Algorithm. Finally, the effect of parametric adjustment and dilution rate on productivity was demonstrated by changing the batch operation to the continuous operating model. The maximum ethanol concentration was about 13.25 g/l in batch process and about 13.9 g/l at Dilution rate: 0.005 1/h corresponding to a productivity of 0.327 in continuous process.

Home Biogas Production using Homemade Bio-activator with Chicken Manure

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-281
Author(s):  
Heru Surianto ◽  
Slamet Raharjo ◽  
Suci Wulandari
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Food Waste ◽  
Previous Experiment ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Batch Process ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Cumulative Volume ◽  
Ratio Set

The previous experiment was obtained that homemade activator is the best activator to produce biogas by using food waste consist of vegetable, fruit and rice waste.  The current research is carried out by adding chicken manure as a co-activator. Chicken manure content rich in nitrogen can be significantly enhance biogas production. This study is expected to increase the biogas production. There are two processes conducted at the laboratory scale, batch and semi-continuous process. The batch process aim to activate bacteria. The ratio set at food waste/chicken manure, 2 : 1 of digester #1, 3 : 1 of digester #2, 4 : 1 of digester #3 and digester control using food waste only. Stage two aims to produce biogas by adding food waste for 6 days periodically.  The ratio is set at food waste/water, 1 : 2. The highest biogas yielded is digester 2 with a cumulative volume biogas 120.77 liters consist of 71.01% CH4, 26% CO2, 2.9% O2 and 0.088% H2S. The potential of methane gas produced is 0.87 kWh and methane volume per TS and VS at around 18.72 L/kg and 34.68 L/kg, respectively.

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