scholarly journals Basic Studies on the Clinical Applications of Platelet-Rich Plasma

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 509-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaki Yazawa ◽  
Hisao Ogata ◽  
Tatsuo Nakajima ◽  
Taisuke Mori ◽  
Naohide Watanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Fibrin Glue ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Platelet Concentrate ◽  
Platelet Concentrates ◽  
Basic Studies

Platelets, which contain many growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), are being used in clinical applications as platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Only a few studies, however, have been conducted on the growth factors present in PRP and on the clinical applications using the drug delivery system (DDS). For the purpose of clinical application, we first modified the PRP preparation method and assessed the amounts of growth factors contained in the human platelet concentrates. Furthermore, we assessed fibrin glue as a DDS of platelet concentrates. Platelet precipitations were made by twice centrifuging human whole blood. The precipitated platelet was resuspended to yield the platelet concentrates. The growth factor concentrations were measured. Fibrin glue sheets containing this platelet concentrate were implanted in rabbit pinna and samples were obtained for immunostaining (anti-PDGF antibody) to assess the use of PRP over time using the fibrin glue as the DDS. The mean concentration of growth factors present in the platelet concentrates was three times or greater than that of conventional PRP. Furthermore, the results indicated that when the platelet concentrate was used with fibrin glue as a carrier, the contents were released over a period of about 1 week. This raises the possibility that this system may be useful in clinical applications.

scholarly journals From Platelet-Rich Plasma to Advanced Platelet-Rich Fibrin: Biological Achievements and Clinical Advances in Modern Surgery

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (02) ◽  
pp. 280-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Caruana ◽  
Daniele Savina ◽  
José Paulo Macedo ◽  
Sandra Clara Soares
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Maxillofacial Surgery ◽  
Cellular Migration ◽  
Platelet Concentrates ◽  
Platelet Rich Fibrin

AbstractIn the past 20 years, the platelet concentrates have evolved from first-generation products, i.e., platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and plasma rich in growth factors to the second-generation products such as leukocyte-platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) and advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF). These autologous products with a higher leukocyte inclusion and flexible fibrin mesh act as a scaffold to increase cellular migration in the angiogenic, osteogenic, and antimicrobial potential of these biomaterials in tissue regeneration. In the second-generation platelet concentrates, the protocols are easier, cheaper, and faster with an entire physiological fibrin matrix, resulting in a tridimensional mesh, not as rigid as one of the first generations. This allows the slow release of molecules over a longer period of time and triggers the healing and regenerative process at the site of injury. The potential of A-PRF to mimic the physiology and immunology of wound healing is also due to the high concentration of growth factors released as follows: vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, transforming growth factor-β, and anti-inflammatory cytokines that stimulate tissue cicatrization, vessels formation, and bone cell proliferation and differentiation. Furthermore, the number of neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages is higher releasing important chemotactic molecules such as chemokine ligand-5 and eotaxin. Thus, L-PRF and A-PRF have been used, especially in implantology, periodontology, and maxillofacial surgery. Future clinical applications include tissue regeneration/grafts, ulcers/skin necrosis in the diabetic patient and others, plastic surgery, and even musculoskeletal lesions.

scholarly journals A boomy century of periodontal regeneration with biological mediators

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 103-117
Author(s):  
Deepak Grover ◽  
Navneet Kaur ◽  
Gurpreet Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Bone Regeneration ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Autologous Blood ◽  
Periodontal Regeneration ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Tissue Repair And Regeneration ◽  
Plasma Fraction

With the advanced and improved knowledge of bone regeneration on the molecular level, some of key molecules that alter the complicated physiological method were identified, and are already in scientific use or beneath research to enhance bone restore. Of those molecules, BMPs were the maximum considerably studied, as they are robust osteoinductive elements. They result in the mitogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and different osteoprogenitors, and their differentiation in the direction of osteoblasts. Other growth factors except BMPs which have been implicated through out the bone regeneration, with one-of-a-kind features with respect of cell proliferation, chemotaxis and angiogenesis, are also being investigated or are presently getting used to reinforce bone restore, which include platelet-derived growth factor, transforming growth factor- β, insulin-like growth factor-1, vascular endothelial growth factor and fibroblast growth factor, amongst others. One present day technique to enhance bone regeneration and soft-tissue recovery with the aid of using nearby application of growth factors is the use of platelet-rich plasma, an extent of the plasma fraction of autologous blood with platelet concentrations above baseline, that is wealthy in most of the aforementioned molecules. This overview focuses and target on the biological mediators that regulates key cellular events which have a capacity to induce the method of tissue repair and regeneration.

208 Effect of growth factors and reprogramming molecules on induction to multipotency of dermal fibroblasts from colocolo (Leopardus colocolo)

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 232
Author(s):  
D. Echeverry ◽  
D. Rojas ◽  
C. Aguilera ◽  
L. Rodriguez-Alvarez ◽  
F. Castro
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Dermal Fibroblasts ◽  
Type I ◽  
Nucleus Transfer

Reprogramming of terminally differentiated cells to higher plasticity levels can be achieved with small molecules. This can be of value for somatic cell nucleus transfer, deriving multi and pluripotent cells and conservation purposes. Recently, induced mesenchymal stem cells were derived from differentiated human and mouse cells by using small molecules and growth factors. The pampas cat or colocolo (Leopardus colocolo) is a South American felid categorrized as near threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Major historical threats to the pampas cat include illegal hunting, habitat loss or transformation, and conflict retaliation for poultry predation. Here, we tested 5-azacytidine (an epigenetic modifier) and A8301 (a potent inhibitor of transforming growth factor-β type I receptor superfamily), linked to platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-B) to induce changes in the expression of pluripotency genes and differentiation capacity of colocolo fibroblasts towards other mesodermal lineages. For this, dermal fibroblasts were treated with (I) 5-azacytidine + PRP + A8301 + VitC, or (II) 5- azacytidine + VitC + A8301 + PDFG for 12 days. On Days 0, 5, and 12 of reprogramming, expression of OCT4, NANOG, E-cadherin and SNAIL was evaluated by reverse transcription-PCR, and tri-lineage differentiation was induced. For treatment I, no statistical difference was found in the expression of OCT4 and NANOG. Chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation was observed. In treatment II, significant expression of OCT4 and NANOG (P<0.05) was induced, and reprogrammed fibroblasts were differentiated into chondrogenic and osteogenic lineages. Immunohistochemistry positivity for OCT4 was detected in treatment II. In summary, we showed that dermal fibroblasts of pampas cat can be reprogrammed into cells with multipotent characteristics, particularly when a cocktail of 5-azacytidine + VitC + A8301 + PDFG was used. Treatment I probably failed because of other growth factors and proteins present in PRP, which might inhibit successful reprogramming or activate other pathways leading to a nonmultipotent phenotype. Further refinements of these protocols are required to improve the reprogramming protocol. This in turn should help us obtain cells that can be used in nucleus transfer or cellular therapies in endangered felid species.

Metalloproteinase and growth factor interactions: do they play a role in pulmonary fibrosis?

2002 ◽  
Vol 283 (1) ◽  
pp. L1-L11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret K. Winkler ◽  
John L. Fowlkes
Keyword(s):  
Acute Lung Injury ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Lung Injury ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Interstitial Fibrosis ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Target Cells

Chronic lung disease due to interstitial fibrosis can be a consequence of acute lung injury and inflammation. The inflammatory response is mediated through the migration of inflammatory cells, actions of proinflammatory cytokines, and the secretion of matrix-degrading proteinases. After the initial inflammatory insult, successful healing of the lung may occur, or alternatively, dysregulated tissue repair can result in scarring and fibrosis. On the basis of recent insights into the mechanisms underlying acute lung injury and its long-term consequences, data suggest that proteinases, such as the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), may not only be involved in the breakdown and remodeling that occurs during the injury but may also cause the release of growth factors and cytokines known to influence growth and differentiation of target cells within the lung. Through the release of and activation of fibrosis-promoting cytokines and growth factors such as transforming growth factor-β1, tumor necrosis factor-α, and insulin-like growth factors by MMPs, we propose that these metalloproteinases may be integral to the initiation and progression of pulmonary fibrosis.

Platelet-Rich Plasma Powder: A New Preparation Method for the Standardization of Growth Factor Concentrations

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 954-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Kieb ◽  
Frank Sander ◽  
Cornelia Prinz ◽  
Stefanie Adam ◽  
Anett Mau-Möller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Clinical Application ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β1 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Tgf Β1

Background: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is widely used in sports medicine. Available PRP preparations differ in white blood cell, platelet, and growth factor concentrations, making standardized research and clinical application challenging. Purpose: To characterize a newly standardized procedure for pooled PRP that provides defined growth factor concentrations. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A standardized growth factor preparation (lyophilized PRP powder) was prepared using 12 pooled platelet concentrates (PCs) derived from different donors via apheresis. Blood samples and commercially available PRP (SmartPrep-2) served as controls (n = 5). Baseline blood counts were analyzed. Additionally, single PCs (n = 5) were produced by standard platelet apheresis. The concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet-derived growth factor AB (PDGF-AB), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), interleukin (IL)–1α, IL-1β, and IL-1 receptor agonist (IL-1RA) were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and statistical analyses were performed using descriptive statistics, mean differences, 95% CIs, and P values (analysis of variance). Results: All growth factor preparation methods showed elevated concentrations of the growth factors VEGF, bFGF, PDGF-AB, and TGF-β1 compared with those of whole blood. Large interindividual differences were found in VEGF and bFGF concentrations. Respective values (mean ± SD in pg/mL) for whole blood, SmartPrep-2, PC, and PRP powder were as follows: VEGF (574 ± 147, 528 ± 233, 1087 ± 535, and 1722), bFGF (198 ± 164, 410 ± 259, 151 ± 99, and 542), PDGF-AB (2394 ± 451, 17,846 ± 3087, 18,461 ± 4455, and 23,023), and TGF-β1 (14,356 ± 4527, 77,533 ± 13,918, 68,582 ± 7388, and 87,495). IGF-1 was found in SmartPrep-2 (1539 ± 348 pg/mL). For PC (2266 ± 485 pg/mL), IGF-1 was measured at the same levels of whole blood (2317 ± 711 pg/mL) but was not detectable in PRP powder. IL-1α was detectable in whole blood (111 ± 35 pg/mL) and SmartPrep-2 (119 ± 44 pg/mL). Conclusion: Problems with PRP such as absent standardization, lack of consistency among studies, and black box dosage could be solved by using characterized PRP powder made by pooling and lyophilizing multiple PCs. The new PRP powder opens up new possibilities for PRP research as well as for the treatment of patients. Clinical Relevance: The preparation of pooled PRP by means of lyophilization may allow physicians to apply a defined amount of growth factors by using a defined amount of PRP powder. Moreover, PRP powder as a dry substance with no need for centrifugation could become ubiquitously available, thus saving time and staff resources in clinical practice. However, before transferring the results of this basic science study to clinical application, regulatory issues have to be cleared.

Concentrations of Blood Components in Commercial Platelet-Rich Plasma Separation Systems: A Review of the Literature

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart W. Oudelaar ◽  
Joost C. Peerbooms ◽  
Rianne Huis in ‘t Veld ◽  
Anne J.H. Vochteloo
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β1 ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cochrane Central Register ◽  
Blood Components ◽  
Separation Systems

Background: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has proven to be a very safe therapeutic option in the treatment of tendon, muscle, bone, and cartilage injuries. Currently, several commercial separation systems are available for the preparation of PRP. The concentrations of blood components in PRP among these separation systems vary substantially. Purpose: To systematically review and evaluate the differences between the concentrations of blood components in PRP produced by various PRP separation systems. Study Design: Systematic review. Methods: MEDLINE/PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and EMBASE were searched for studies that compared the concentrations of blood components and growth factors in PRP between various separation systems and studies that reported on the concentrations of blood components and growth factors of single separation systems. The primary outcomes were platelet count, leukocyte count, and concentration of growth factors (eg, platelet-derived growth factor–AB [PDGF-AB], transforming growth factor–β1 [TGF-β1], and vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]). Furthermore, the preparation protocols and prices of the systems were compared. Results: There were 1079 studies found, of which 19 studies were selected for inclusion in this review. The concentrations of platelets and leukocytes in PRP differed largely between, and to a lesser extent within, the studied PRP separation systems. Additionally, large differences both between and within the studied PRP separation systems were found for all the growth factors. Furthermore, preparation protocols and prices varied widely between systems. Conclusion: There is a large heterogeneity between PRP separation systems regarding concentrations of platelets, leukocytes, and growth factors in PRP. The choice for the most appropriate type of PRP should be based on the specific clinical field of application. As the ideal concentrations of blood components and growth factors for the specific fields of application are yet to be determined for most of the fields, future research should focus on which type of PRP is most suitable for the specific field.

TGF-β and CTGF have overlapping and distinct fibrogenic effects on human renal cells

2002 ◽  
Vol 283 (4) ◽  
pp. F707-F716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Gore-Hyer ◽  
Daniel Shegogue ◽  
Malgorzata Markiewicz ◽  
Shianlen Lo ◽  
Debra Hazen-Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Renal Fibrosis ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Potent Inducer ◽  
Collagen Promoter

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) are ubiquitously expressed in various forms of tissue fibrosis, including fibrotic diseases of the kidney. To clarify the common and divergent roles of these growth factors in the cells responsible for pathological extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in renal fibrosis, the effects of TGF-β and CTGF on ECM expression in primary human mesangial (HMCs) and human proximal tubule epithelial cells (HTECs) were studied. Both TGF-β and CTGF significantly induced collagen protein expression with similar potency in HMCs. Additionally, α2(I)-collagen promoter activity and mRNA levels were similarly induced by TGF-β and CTGF in HMCs. However, only TGF-β stimulated collagenous protein synthesis in HTECs. HTEC expression of tenascin-C (TN-C) was increased by TGF-β and CTGF, although TGF-β was the more potent inducer. Thus both growth factors elicit similar profibrogenic effects on ECM production in HMCs, while promoting divergent effects in HTECs. CTGF induction of TN-C, a marker of epithelial-mesenchymal transdifferentiation (EMT), with no significant induction of collagenous protein synthesis in HTECs, may suggest a more predominant role for CTGF in EMT rather than induction of excessive collagen deposition by HTECs during renal fibrosis.

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