Optimisation of Processing Parameters of Titanium Foams Using Taguchi Method for Compressive Strength

In this paper, titanium alloy was used to prepare titanium foam using the slurry method. The compressive strength is the most important properties to be considered to produce a good sample. To achieve a high compressive strength of the titanium alloy foam, the effects of various parameters including temperature, time profile and composition have to be characterised and optimised. This paper reports the use of the Taguchi method in optimising the processing parameters of pure titanium foams. The effects of four sintering factors, namely, composition, sintering temperature, heating rate and soaking time on the compressive strength has been studied. The titanium slurry was prepared by mixing titanium alloy powder, polyethylene glycol (PEG), methylcellulose and water. Polyurethane (PU) foams were then impregnated into the slurry and later dried at room temperature. These were next sintered in a high temperature vacuum furnace. The various factors were assigned to an L9 orthogonal array. From the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), the composition of titanium has the highest percentage of contribution (64.64) to the compressive strength followed by the soaking time of sintering factor (6.01). The optimum compressive strength was found to be 38.03 MPa for this titanium alloy foam. It was achieved with a 750% composition of titanium, sintering temperature of 1250oC, a heating rate of 1.5oC/min and 120 minutes of soaking time.

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Taguchi Method for the Determination of Optimised Sintering Parameters of Titanium Alloy Foams

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.264-265.1731 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 264-265 ◽

pp. 1731-1736 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Sufizar Ahmad ◽

Norhamidi Muhamad ◽

Andanastuti Muchtar ◽

Jaafar Sahari ◽

Khairur Rijal Jamaludin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Titanium Alloy ◽

Taguchi Method ◽

Heating Rate ◽

Alloy Powder ◽

Sintering Temperature ◽

Time Profile ◽

Vacuum Furnace ◽

Titanium Foam ◽

Temperature Heating

Sintering is a key step in the preparation of metal foams. The present work focuses on the sintering effects on the properties of titanium foam prepared using the slurry technique. Sintering affects the density as well as the mechanical properties of the sintered parts. To achieve a high density of the titanium alloy foam, the effects of various parameters including temperature, time profile and composition have to be characterized and optimized. This paper reports the use of the Taguchi method in characterizing and optimizing the sintering process parameters of titanium alloys. The effect of four sintering factors: composition, sintering temperature, heating rate and soaking time to the density has been studied. The titanium slurry was prepared by mixing titanium alloy powder, polyethylene glycol (PEG), methylcellulose and water. Polyurethane (PU) foam was then impregnated into the slurry and dried at room temperature. This was later sintered in a high temperature vacuum furnace. The various factors were assigned to an L9 orthogonal array. From the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), the sintering temperature was found to give the highest percentage of contribution (34.73) followed by the composition of the titanium alloy powder (26.41) and the heating rate (0.64). The optimum density for the sintered titanium alloy foam was 1.4873±0.918 gcm-1. Confirmatory experiments have produced results that lay within the 90% confidence interval.

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Influence Of Composition and Sintering Temperature on Density for Pure and Titanium Alloy Foams

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v68.3002 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 68 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

S. Ahmad ◽

N. Muhamad ◽

A. Muchtar ◽

J. Sahari ◽

K. R. Jamaludin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Titanium Alloy ◽

Sintering Temperature ◽

Pure Titanium ◽

High Density ◽

Vacuum Furnace ◽

Metallic Foams ◽

Slurry Method ◽

High Fraction ◽

Titanium Foam ◽

Alloy Titanium

Metallic foams with high fraction of porosity have gained their usefulness and are now becoming a new class of materials for various engineering applications. Due to this, the present work aims to produce pure titanium and alloy titanium foams with high density using different composition and sintering temperature. The slurry method is selected to produce the pure titanium and alloy titanium foam. The titanium slurry is prepared by mixing pure or titanium alloy powder, polyethylene glycol (PEG), methylcellulose and water. Polyurethane (PU) foam is then impregnated in the slurry and dried at room temperature. This is later sintered in a high temperature vacuum furnace with different sintering temperatures. The density of the samples was tested using Archimedes test. From the result of analysis of variance, composition and sintering temperature affect the density of the samples for pure and titanium alloy foams. The suitable compositions of pure and alloy titanium are 60 wt%, 65 wt%, 70 wt% and sintering temperatures are 1200°C, 1250°C and 1300°C to produce a high density for the pure and titanium alloy foams.

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Experimental investigations into mechanical and thermal properties of rapid manufactured copper parts

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part C Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science ◽

10.1177/0954406219875483 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 234 (1) ◽

pp. 82-95 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Gurminder Singh ◽

Pulak M Pandey

Keyword(s):

Thermal Conductivity ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Thermal Properties ◽

Ultimate Tensile Strength ◽

Heating Rate ◽

Sintering Temperature ◽

Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽

Surface Porosity ◽

Soaking Time ◽

Ultrasonic Assisted

In the present paper, mechanical and thermal properties of rapidly manufactured copper parts were studied. The combination of three-dimensional printing and ultrasonic assisted pressureless sintering was used to fabricate copper parts. First, the ultimate tensile strength and thermal conductivity were compared between ultrasonic assisted and conventional pressureless sintered samples. The homogenously mixing of particles and local heat generation by ultrasonic vibrations promoted the sintering driving process and resulted in better mechanical and thermal properties. Furthermore, response surface methodology was adopted for the comprehensive study of the ultrasonic sintering parameters (sintering temperature, heating rate, and soaking time with ultrasonic vibrations) on ultimate tensile strength and thermal conductivity of the fabricated sample. Analysis of variance was performed to identify the significant factors and interactions. The image processing method was used to identify the surface porosity at different parameter levels to analyse the experimental results. High ultimate tensile strength was obtained at high sintering temperature, long soaking time, and slow heating rate with low surface porosity. After 60 min of soaking time, no significant effect was observed on the thermal conductivity of the fabricated sample. The significant interactions revealed less effect of soaking time at low sintering temperatures for ultimate tensile strength and less effect of heating rate at low sintering temperatures for thermal conductivity. Multi-objective optimization was carried out to identify parameters for maximum ultimate tensile strength and maximum thermal conductivity.

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Effects of Al, B and C Additives on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Spark-Plasma-Sintered SiC Ceramics

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.287.329 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 287 ◽

pp. 329-334 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kyeong Sik Cho ◽

Kwang Soon Lee

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Heating Rate ◽

Sintering Temperature ◽

Applied Pressure ◽

Fast Heating ◽

Soaking Time ◽

Sic Ceramics ◽

Prolonged Annealing ◽

Plasma Sintering ◽

Spark Plasma

Densification of the SiC powder without and with additives B+C or Al+B+C was carried out by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The unique features of the process are the possibilities of using a very fast heating rate and a short holding time to obtain fully dense materials. The heating rate and applied pressure were kept at 100°C/ min and 40 MPa, while the sintering temperature and soaking time varied from 1650-1850°C for 10-40 min, respectively. The SPS-sintered specimens with the addition of B+C or Al+B+C at 1850°C reached near-theoretical density. The 3C major crystalline phase of SiC was transformed to 6H at 1800°C and translated to 4H during prolonged annealing at 1850°C. The strength of 531.0 MPa and the fracture toughness of 3.9 MPa·m1/2 were obtained by the addition of Al+B+C to SiC prepared at 1850°C for 10 min.

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Effect of sintering parameters on the microstructure and compressive mechanical properties of porous Fe scaffold fabricated using 3D printing and pressure less microwave sintering

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part C Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science ◽

10.1177/0954406220921416 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 234 (21) ◽

pp. 4305-4320

Author(s):

Dipesh Kumar Mishra ◽

Pulak Mohan Pandey

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Yield Strength ◽

Heating Rate ◽

Sintering Temperature ◽

Electron Backscatter Diffraction ◽

Microwave Sintering ◽

Compressive Yield Strength ◽

Soaking Time ◽

Electron Backscatter ◽

Backscatter Diffraction

The demand for the porous scaffold has been increasing globally in the biomedical field due to numerous advantages over dense structures like high damping capacity, high specific strength, and improved cell integration growth. In the present study, porous iron scaffolds were fabricated using micro-extrusion-based three-dimensional printing and pressureless microwave sintering. For the preparation of samples, metal-based polymeric ink was developed. Thereafter, cylindrical samples were printed and then sintered in a microwave sintering furnace. The experimental investigations were performed to estimate the effect of sintering parameters such as sintering temperature, heating rate and soaking time on the compressive and microstructural property of the fabricated samples. Microstructural characterization was done using the electron backscatter diffraction technique. The experimental observations deduced that the compressive yield strength and apparent density of the sintered sample increased with the increase in sintering temperature and decreased with a further rise in temperature. Moreover, the electron backscatter diffraction analysis unveiled that the high heating rate resulted in the reduction of compressive yield strength due to rapid grain growth. Additionally, the significant effect of soaking time on the compressive mechanical properties was also noticed due to the increase in the grain size diameter. From the X-ray diffraction plot, it was found that there was no contamination present in the fabricated scaffold. In order to evaluate the process capability, a case study was performed wherein the topologically ordered porous structure of iron was fabricated at optimum sintering parameters.

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Synthesis of Ti-Zr alloy by powder metallurgy

Engineering review ◽

10.30765/er.39.1.12 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 115-123 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ljerka Slokar ◽

Anita Štrkalj ◽

Zoran Glavaš

Keyword(s):

Titanium Alloy ◽

Powder Metallurgy ◽

Titanium Alloys ◽

Dental Implants ◽

Sintered Density ◽

Sintering Temperature ◽

Processing Parameters ◽

Titanium Implants ◽

Titanium Zirconium ◽

Zr Alloy

Due to good properties, which meet the requirements for use as biomaterials, titanium and titanium alloys have been increasingly used as dental implants. Until recently, dental titanium alloys were produced by casting. Since this process does not meet the terms of economy and efficiency, the production of titanium implants by powder metallurgy are very promising. Therefore, in this work titanium alloy with addition of 10 at. % zirconium is prepared by powder metallurgy with the goal of obtaining the best producing conditions, which would result in the titanium alloy of the adequate properties for use as dental implants. High values of green densities were achieved even only by uniaxial pressing. Further, sintering temperature of 1673 K resulted in the alloy of the highest sintered density and microhardness. The results of this investigation revealed the processing parameters applicable for the production of titanium-zirconium dental implants by powder metallurgy.

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Thermal Conductivity Optimization of Porous Alumina Ceramics via Taguchi Model

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1002.125 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1002 ◽

pp. 125-131

Author(s):

Mohsin A. Aswad ◽

Amir N. Saud ◽

Mohammed A. Ahmed

Keyword(s):

Thermal Conductivity ◽

Taguchi Method ◽

Sintering Temperature ◽

Signal To Noise Ratio ◽

Porous Alumina ◽

Alumina Ceramics ◽

Optimum Conditions ◽

Soaking Time ◽

Thermal Insulator ◽

Method Factor

A comparative analysis of the thermal conductivity for porous alumina using Taguchi method has been reported in the current research. Porous alumina is one of the most critical ceramics amongst those that are widely used in the thermal insulator industry; this is because of their physical properties. Thus, the investigation of these properties is highly desirable. Test variables were performed for the thermal conductivity studies-weight per cent of a pore-forming agent (yeast), sintering temperature, and soaking time. Through implementing the experimental design using the Taguchi method for thermal conductivity of porous alumina was statistically analyzed. The Signal-to-noise ratio and variance analysis investigated the influence of different parameters on the porous media's thermal conductivity. The result of research determines that the addition of the pore-forming agent obtained a higher thermal insulator. Based on the optimum conditions obtained from the Taguchi method factor was 20wt.% weight of yeast cell , sintering temperature at 1200 C , and the holding time 1.5 h. that give higher value of the S/N ratio.

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Process optimization for rapid manufacturing of complex geometry electrical discharge machining electrode

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part C Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science ◽

10.1177/0954406219874845 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 234 (1) ◽

pp. 66-81 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jagtar Singh ◽

Pulak M Pandey

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Heating Rate ◽

Electric Discharge ◽

Computer Aided Design ◽

Complex Geometry ◽

Sintering Temperature ◽

Machining Process ◽

Rapid Manufacturing ◽

Electric Discharge Machining ◽

Soaking Time

Rapid manufacturing techniques permit tools and dies to be fabricated in short duration of time with complex geometry. The major contribution of the present research was to fabricate copper complex geometry electric discharge machining electrode by using amalgamation of three-dimensional printing along with pressureless loose sintering. Response surface methodology was employed to study the sintering parameters’ (sintering temperature, heating rate and soaking time) effect on electric discharge machining electrode important characteristics such as density, shrinkage and electrical conductivity. Analysis of variance was used to investigate the significant contribution of the parameters on the responses. Density and electrical conductivity of fabricated electric discharge machining electrode were revealed to increase with respect to rise in soaking time and sintering temperature. The interaction between the heating rate and sintering temperature for density and electrical conductivity responses signified the less effect of heating rate at high temperatures. Further, multi-objective optimization was used to maximize density and electrical conductivity and to minimize volumetric shrinkage. Different shapes of electric discharge machining electrodes were fabricated at optimized parameters. In addition, the fabricated electrodes were tested on electric discharge machining of D2 steel for 5 mm depth. The dimensional analysis was carried out between the computer aided design (CAD) model, fabricated electric discharge machining electrode and the obtained cavity by electric discharge machining process. The results depicted high efficacy of the process to fabricate complex geometry electric discharge machining electrodes.

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