Effect of Strain Induced Martensite for 304M2 Austenitic Stainless Steel Wire

2014 ◽  
Vol 788 ◽  
pp. 357-361
Author(s):  
Yi Su Jia ◽  
Ren Bo Song ◽  
Yu Pei ◽  
Yang Xu ◽  
Jian Xiang Hu
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Steel Wire ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Strain Induced Martensite ◽  
The Impact

The impact of deformation and strain rate on the strain induced martensite (SIM) from 304M2 austenitic stainless steel was studied by using X-Ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy. The results indicate that 304M2 is easy to have SIM because of the chemical component and microstructural characteristic. The amount of SIM has great relationship with the deformation and strain rate. It is found that the amount of SIM is reduced during high speed deformation. The obvious SIM can be observed with higher deformation, but the growth rate slows down. When the deformation rates are 8.3%, 55.0% and 67.3%, the contents of martensite are 6.55%, 15.35% and 16.21%, respectively. Compared with the slow stretching, the quick stretching leads to less martensite transformation. Moreover, the elongation of the specimens decreases. At the stable deformation stage, the temperature increases are 72.8 and 91.9℃, respectively, when the strain rates are 2×10-2s-1and 5×10-4s-1. Therefore, the martensitic transformation and the deformation behavior of the austenitic stainless are affected by heating.

Effect of Pre-Shot Peening on Plasma Nitriding Kinetics of Austenitic Stainless Steel

2013 ◽  
Vol 634-638 ◽  
pp. 2955-2959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lie Shen ◽  
Liang Wang ◽  
Jiu Jun Xu ◽  
Ying Chun Shan
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Surface Layer ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Shot Peening ◽  
Plasma Nitriding ◽  
Nitrogen Diffusion ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
304 Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Strain Induced Martensite ◽  
Kinetics Of

The fine grains and strain-induced martensite were fabricated in the surface layer of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel by shot peening treatment. The shot peening effects on the microstructure evolution and nitrogen diffusion kinetics in the plasma nitriding process were investigated by optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results indicated that when nitriding treatments carried out at 450°C for times ranging from 0 to 36h, the strain-induced martensite transformed to supersaturated nitrogen solid solution (expanded austenite), and slip bands and grain boundaries induced by shot peening in the surface layer lowered the activation energy for nitrogen diffusion and evidently enhanced the nitriding efficiency of austenitic stainless steel.

Laser Driven Substructural Modification of Austenitic Stainless Steel

2004 ◽  
Vol 471-472 ◽  
pp. 886-890
Author(s):  
Ming Zhou ◽  
X.Q. Zhu ◽  
Q.X. Dai ◽  
Lan Cai
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Short Pulse ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
High Energy ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Short Pulse Duration ◽  
Regular Arrangement ◽  
Laser Impact

In this paper, the technique of high energy and short pulse duration laser impact is adopted. The substructural transformation characteristics and mechanisms of the austenitic stainless steel, subjected to strain-rate of 106s-1 order and stress of 2.70GPa, are investigated. SEM observations, there exists regular arrangement of chapped and equiaxed subgrain regions within the original grains. The size of the subgrain ranges from 0.1 to 0.5um; Meanwhile, the compacted deformation twin bundles with about 1um width each twin have been examined in the regions treated. It indicates that the equiaxed subgrains, close to nanometer scale, had evolved in the surface of austenitic stainless steel, and they belong to dynamic rotational recrystallization; Although, twinning deformation is not a frequent phenomenon in terms of austenitic stainless steel at room temperature, it will play a significant role when austenitic stainless steels are submitted to high strain rate and stress. Additionally, X-ray diffraction reveals that the crystal lattice constant is up 1.12% compared to the normal one and no deformation-induced α-martensite and amorphous phase are spotted within the processed regions.

Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of a F138 Austenitic Stainless Steel after Deformation by Equal Channel Angular Pressing

2014 ◽  
Vol 783-786 ◽  
pp. 837-841
Author(s):  
Andrea Madeira Kliauga ◽  
V.L. Sordi ◽  
Maurizio Ferrante ◽  
C.A. Rovere ◽  
S.E. Curi
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Equal Channel Angular Pressing ◽  
Equivalent Strain ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Corrosion Properties ◽  
Angular Pressing ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Mechanical And Corrosion Properties

A F138 austenitic stainless steel was solution heat treated, deformed by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) at 25 and 300°C. The equivalent strain was ~0.7 per pass and the applied equivalent strain varied from 0.7 to 2.8. Microstructure evolution was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) and X –ray diffraction. Work hardening behavior was studied by making use of Kocks-Mecking plots and hardness measurements, the influence of deformation on corrosion resistance was evaluated recording anodic polarization curves in 0.9% NaCl solution.

High-density stacking faults in a supersaturated nitrided layer on austenitic stainless steel

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 1967-1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Tong ◽  
Fei Ye ◽  
Honglong Che ◽  
Ming Kai Lei ◽  
Shu Miao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Nitrided Layer ◽  
Stacking Faults ◽  
High Density ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron

The nitrogen-supersaturated phase produced by low-temperature plasma-assisted nitriding of austenitic stainless steel usually contains a high density of stacking faults. However, the stacking fault density observed in previous studies was considerably lower than that determined by fitting the X-ray diffraction pattern. In this work, it has been confirmed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy that the strip-shaped regions of about 3–25 nm in width observed at relatively low magnification essentially consist of a series of stacking faults on every second {111} atomic plane. A microstructure model of the clustered stacking faults embedded in a face-centred cubic structure was built for these regions. The simulated X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy results based on this model are consistent with the observations.

Investigation on the nucleation mechanism of deformation-induced martensite in an austenitic stainless steel under severe plastic deformation

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 724-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.X. Huang ◽  
G. Yang ◽  
Y.L. Gao ◽  
S.D. Wu ◽  
S.X. Li
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Nucleation Mechanism ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Orientation Relationships ◽  
Transformation Mechanism ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Angular Pressing ◽  
Transmission Electron

The nucleation mechanism of deformation-induced martensite was investigated by x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope in an ultra-low carbon austenitic stainless steel deformed by equal channel angular pressing at room temperature. It was found that two types of martensite transformation mechanism, stress-assisted and strain-induced, occurred via the sequences of γ (fcc) → ɛ (hcp) → α′ (bcc) and/or γ → α′. In both cases, the crystallographic relationships among γ, ɛ, and α′ followed the Kurdjumov-Sachs orientation relationships: {111}γ //{0001}ɛ //{011}α′ and 〈110〉γ//〈1120〉ɛ//〈111〉α′.

Effect of Strain Rate on Stress Corrosion Cracking of Austenitic Stainless Steel in MgCl2 Solutions

CORROSION ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 441-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHINORI TAKANO
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Stress Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Formation Rate ◽  
Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
Rate Determining Step

Abstract The effect of strain rate on the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of an austenitic stainless steel in MgCl2 solutions has been investigated by using a constant strain rate method over the range of strain rates from 4 x 10−3 mm/min to 6 mm/min. Crack propagation mode (intergranular vs transgranular) was a function of strain rate and temperature. At low strain rates, the rate determining step of the SCC corresponded to the formation of slip steps, but at higher strain rates, the rate determining step appeared to be a corrosion process on the slip steps. SCC was most prevalent when the formation rate of the slip steps was equal to the corrosion rate of the steps. The mechanism of SCC in this system has been discussed by considering both the formation rate of slip steps and the corrosion rate of these steps.

scholarly journals Impact Testing of Stainless Steel Materials

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Blandford ◽  
D. K. Morton ◽  
T. E. Rahl ◽  
S. D. Snow
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Impact Test ◽  
Spent Nuclear Fuel ◽  
Impact Testing ◽  
Radioactive Material ◽  
Test Machine ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
The Impact

Stainless steels are used for the construction of numerous spent nuclear fuel or radioactive material containers that may be subjected to high strains and moderate strain rates (10 to 200 per second) during accidental drop events. Mechanical characteristics of these materials under dynamic (impact) loads in the strain rate range of concern are not well documented. The goal of the work presented in this paper was to improve understanding of moderate strain rate phenomena on these materials. Utilizing a drop-weight impact test machine and relatively large test specimens (1/2-inch thick), initial test efforts focused on the tensile behavior of specific stainless steel materials during impact loading. Impact tests of 304L and 316L stainless steel test specimens at two different strain rates, 25 per second (304L and 316L material) and 50 per second (304L material) were performed for comparison to their quasi-static tensile test properties. Elevated strain rate stress-strain curves for the two materials were determined using the impact test machine and a “total impact energy” approach. This approach considered the deformation energy required to strain the specimens at a given strain rate. The material data developed was then utilized in analytical simulations to validate the final elevated stress-strain curves. The procedures used during testing and the results obtained are described in this paper.

Influence of Deformation Rate on Mechanical Response of an AISI 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel

2014 ◽  
Vol 922 ◽  
pp. 49-54
Author(s):  
Mattias Calmunger ◽  
Guo Cai Chai ◽  
Sten Johansson ◽  
Johan Moverare
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Dynamic Recrystallization ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
Aisi 316L ◽  
Elongation To Failure

Austenitic stainless steels are often used for components in demanding environment. These materials can withstand elevated temperatures and corrosive atmosphere like in energy producing power plants. They can be plastically deformed at slow strain rates and high alternating or constant tensile loads such as fatigue and creep at elevated temperatures. This study investigates how deformation rates influence mechanical properties of an austenitic stainless steel. The investigation includes tensile testing using strain rates of 2*10-3/ and 10-6/s at elevated temperatures up to 700°C. The material used in this study is AISI 316L. When the temperature is increasing the strength decreases. At a slow strain rate and elevated temperature the stress level decreases gradually with increasing plastic deformation probably due to dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization. However, with increasing strain rate elongation to failure is decreasing. AISI 316L show larger elongation to failure when using a strain rate of 10-6/s compared with 2*10-3/s at each temperature. Electron channelling contrast imaging is used to characterize the microstructure and discuss features in the microstructure related to changes in mechanical properties. Dynamic recrystallization has been observed and is related to damage and cavity initiation and propagation.

A Shear Strain Route Dependency of Martensite Formation in 316L Stainless Steel

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 582-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suk Hoon Kang ◽  
Tae Kyu Kim ◽  
Jinsung Jang ◽  
Kyu Hwan Oh
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Shear Strain ◽  
Martensite Phase ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Strain Induced Martensite ◽  
316L Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Electron Back Scattered Diffraction

AbstractIn this study, the effect of simple shearing on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of 316L austenitic stainless steel were investigated. Two different shear strain routes were obtained by twisting cylindrical specimens in the forward and backward directions. The strain-induced martensite phase was effectively obtained by alteration of the routes. Formation of the martensite phase clearly resulted in significant hardening of the steel. Grain-size reduction and strain-induced martensitic transformation within the deformed structures of the strained specimens were characterized by scanning electron microscopy – electron back-scattered diffraction, X-ray diffraction, and the TEM-ASTAR (transmission electron microscopy – analytical scanning transmission atomic resolution, automatic crystal orientation/phase mapping for TEM) system. Significant numbers of twin networks were formed by alteration of the shear strain routes, and the martensite phases were nucleated at the twin interfaces.

Serrated Flow in 316LN Austenitic Stainless Steel

2013 ◽  
Vol 455 ◽  
pp. 159-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Qiang Xu ◽  
Yin Zhong Shen
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Flow Behavior ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Dynamic Strain ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
Serrated Flow ◽  
Substitutional Solute

Serrated flow behavior of the 316LN austenitic stainless steel was investigated through tensile tests at initial strain rates of 2×10-5 to 10-4 s-1 at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 1048 K. Serrated flow occurred at room temperature and 6981048K at the strain rate of 2×10-4 s-1, as well as at temperatures of 623673 K at the strain rate of 2×10-5 s-1. Type A, A+B, C and E serrations appeared. The activation energy for the occurrence of serrated flow at high temperatures was about 327 kJ/mol. The dynamic strain aging caused by the interaction between substitutional solute Cr atoms and moving dislocations is considered as the mechanism of serrated flow at the temperatures higher than 973 K.

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