Prediction of arterial blood ph and partial pressure of carbon dioxide from venous blood samples in patients receiving mechanical ventilation

In a clinical setting, we tested the hypothesis of whether hypercapnia developed during carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum is associated with changes in blood electrolytes. This prospective study involved ten female cats that underwent elective laparoscopic ovariectomy. Venous blood samples for assessment of electrolytes were collected in the following sequence: T1- before anaesthesia induction, T2 - 10 minutes after anaesthesia induction, T3 - 30 minutes of pneumoperitoneum and T4 - at the end of pneumoperitoneum. Statistical analysis revealed AB disturbances associated with general anaesthesia and pneumoperitoneum, manifested with decreased blood pH, whereas blood PvCO2, PO2 and BE were increased. A constant increase of K+ concentration was recorded in all animals during pneumoperitoneum (P<0.05), whereas iMg registered a significant increase only at T3 (P<0.05). Correlations were recorded between blood pH and Na+, iCa, iMg, as well as between Na+ and Cl¯ at different time points during anaesthesia. No correlations were noted between pH and K+ or PvCO2 and K+. In conclusion, electrolyte imbalance represents a possible complication associated with laparoscopic surgery in healthy cats. However, further studies should investigate the causes involved in K+ concentration elevation.

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Selected Arterial Blood Gasometry Parameters as Indicators of Blood Transfusion Effectiveness in Foals with Haemolytic Disease

Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy ◽

10.2478/bvip-2014-0071 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 58 (3) ◽

pp. 467-471

Author(s):

Artur Stopyra ◽

Anna Snarska

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Blood Transfusion ◽

Partial Pressure ◽

Carbon Dioxide Tension ◽

Haematological Parameters ◽

Haemolytic Disease ◽

Transfusion Therapy ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Blood Ph ◽

Ph Increase

Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the suitability of basic haematological, biochemical, and gasometric tests in checking the effectiveness of transfusion therapy in foals during isoerythrolysis. The number of red blood cells, haemoglobin, haematocrit, and partial pressure of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and blood pH was determined immediately before and several times after blood transfusion. The concentration of serum free bilirubin was also measured to confirm haemolysis. Fluids (0.9% NaCl, multielectrolytic fluid, 5% glucose) and antibiotics (penicillin, amikacin) were provided to the foals. The lowest values of haematological parameters were observed before transfusion. This was accompanied by decreased partial pressure of oxygen, low pH, and increased arterial carbon dioxide tension. Transfusion of whole blood led to a gradual normalisation of the haematological parameters, also accompanied by the normalisation of gasometric indicators (decrease in pCO2 and pO2 and pH increase). Monitoring of selected haematological and gasometric parameters allows to evaluate the efficacy of blood transfusion during treatment of haemolytic disease of foals.

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Normal arterial blood pH, oxygen, and carbon dioxide tensions in unanesthetized dogs

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1972.32.1.152 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 152-153 ◽

Cited By ~ 60

Author(s):

Eric O. Feigl ◽

Louis G. D'Alecy

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Rectal Temperature ◽

Femoral Artery ◽

Glass Electrode ◽

Blood Gas ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Blood Ph ◽

Clark Electrode

Femoral artery blood samples from 30 unanesthetized unrestrained nonpanting dogs were analyzed. Average normal pH was 7.42 (sd 0.03), mean Po2 89.5 mm Hg (sd 4.4), and Pco2 36.8 mm Hg (sd 2.4). pH was determined with a glass electrode. Pco2 was measured using a Severinghaus electrode. Po2 was determined with a Clark-type polarographic polypropylene-covered electrode. Measurements were made at 39 C (normal dog rectal temperature). blood gas; Clark electrode; Severinghaus electrode

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Arterio-Venous Differences in the Components of the Fibrinolytic Enzyme System

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1655624 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 16 (01/02) ◽

pp. 032-037 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

D Ogston ◽

C. M Ogston ◽

N. B Bennett

Keyword(s):

Plasminogen Activator ◽

Enzyme System ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Fibrinolytic Enzyme ◽

Blood Levels ◽

Activator Concentration ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Male Subjects

Summary1. The concentration of the major components of the fibrinolytic enzyme system was compared in venous and arterial blood samples from male subjects.2. The plasminogen activator concentration was higher in venous blood and the arterio-venous difference increased as its concentration rose, but the ratio of the arterial to venous level remained constant.3. No arterio-venous difference was found for anti-urokinase activity, antiplasmin, plasminogen and fibrinogen.4. It is concluded that venous blood determinations of the components of the fibrinolytic enzyme system reflect satisfactorily arterial blood levels.

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Atrial fibrillation associated with carbon monoxide poisoning

Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine ◽

10.22462/04.06.2019.14 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 203-206

Author(s):

Mevlut Demir ◽

◽

Muslum Sahin ◽

Ahmet Korkmaz ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atrial Fibrillation ◽

Carbon Monoxide ◽

Sinus Rhythm ◽

Partial Pressure ◽

Motor Vehicle ◽

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Blood Gas ◽

Arterial Blood Gas ◽

Arterial Blood

Carbon monoxide intoxication occurs usually via inhalation of carbon monoxide that is emitted as a result of a fire, furnace, space heater, generator, motor vehicle. A 37-year-old male patient was admitted to the emergency department at about 5:00 a.m., with complaints of nausea, vomiting and headache. He was accompanied by his wife and children. His venous blood gas measures were: pH was 7.29, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) was 42 mmHg, partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) was 28 mmHg, carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) was 12.7% (reference interval: 0.5%-2.5%) and oxygen saturation was 52.4%. Electrocardiogram (ECG) examination showed that the patient was not in sinus rhythm but had atrial fibrillation. After three hours the laboratory examination was repeated: Troponin was 1.2 pg/ml and in the arterial blood gas COHb was 3%. The examination of the findings on the monitor showed that the sinus rhythm was re-established. The repeated ECG examination confirmed the conversion to the sinus rhythm. He was monitored with the normobaric oxygen administration.

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Pathophysiology and clinical consequences of arterial blood gases and pH after cardiac arrest

Intensive Care Medicine Experimental ◽

10.1186/s40635-020-00307-1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (S1) ◽

Author(s):

Chiara Robba ◽

Dorota Siwicka-Gieroba ◽

Andras Sikter ◽

Denise Battaglini ◽

Wojciech Dąbrowski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Mechanical Ventilation ◽

Cardiac Arrest ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Blood Gases ◽

Metabolic Energy ◽

High Morbidity ◽

Arterial Blood Gases ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Clinical Consequences

AbstractPost cardiac arrest syndrome is associated with high morbidity and mortality, which is related not only to a poor neurological outcome but also to respiratory and cardiovascular dysfunctions. The control of gas exchange, and in particular oxygenation and carbon dioxide levels, is fundamental in mechanically ventilated patients after resuscitation, as arterial blood gases derangement might have important effects on the cerebral blood flow and systemic physiology.In particular, the pathophysiological role of carbon dioxide (CO2) levels is strongly underestimated, as its alterations quickly affect also the changes of intracellular pH, and consequently influence metabolic energy and oxygen demand. Hypo/hypercapnia, as well as mechanical ventilation during and after resuscitation, can affect CO2 levels and trigger a dangerous pathophysiological vicious circle related to the relationship between pH, cellular demand, and catecholamine levels. The developing hypocapnia can nullify the beneficial effects of the hypothermia. The aim of this review was to describe the pathophysiology and clinical consequences of arterial blood gases and pH after cardiac arrest.According to our findings, the optimal ventilator strategies in post cardiac arrest patients are not fully understood, and oxygen and carbon dioxide targets should take in consideration a complex pattern of pathophysiological factors. Further studies are warranted to define the optimal settings of mechanical ventilation in patients after cardiac arrest.

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Reference intervals for venous blood gas measurement in adults

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) ◽

10.1515/cclm-2020-1224 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Kirsty L. Ress ◽

Gus Koerbin ◽

Ling Li ◽

Douglas Chesher ◽

Phillip Bwititi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Partial Pressure ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Reference Interval ◽

Reference Intervals ◽

Published Data ◽

Blood Gas ◽

Arterial Blood Gas ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Venous Blood Gas

AbstractObjectivesVenous blood gas (VBG) analysis is becoming a popular alternative to arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis due to reduced risk of complications at phlebotomy and ease of draw. In lack of published data, this study aimed to establish reference intervals (RI) for correct interpretation of VBG results.MethodsOne hundred and 51 adult volunteers (101 females, 50 males 18–70 y), were enrolled after completion of a health questionnaire. Venous blood was drawn into safePICO syringes and analysed on ABL827 blood gas analyser (Radiometer Pacific Pty. Ltd.). A non-parametric approach was used to directly establish the VBG RI which was compared to a calculated VBG RI based on a meta-analysis of differences between ABG and VBGResultsAfter exclusions, 134 results were used to derive VBG RI: pH 7.30–7.43, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) 38–58 mmHg, partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) 19–65 mmHg, bicarbonate (HCO3−) 22–30 mmol/L, sodium 135–143 mmol/L, potassium 3.6–4.5 mmol/L, chloride 101–110 mmol/L, ionised calcium 1.14–1.29 mmol/L, lactate 0.4–2.2 mmol/L, base excess (BE) −1.9–4.5 mmol/L, saturated oxygen (sO2) 23–93%, carboxyhaemoglobin 0.4–1.4% and methaemoglobin 0.3–0.9%. The meta-analysis revealed differences between ABG and VBG for pH, HCO3−, pCO2 and pO2 of 0.032, −1.0 mmol/L, −4.2 and 39.9 mmHg, respectively. Using this data along with established ABG RI, calculated VBG RI of pH 7.32–7.42, HCO3− 23 – 27 mmol/L, pCO2 36–49 mmHg (Female), pCO2 39–52 mmHg (Male) and pO2 43–68 mmHg were formulated and compared to the VBG RI of this study.ConclusionsAn adult reference interval has been established to assist interpretation of VBG results.

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Clinical evaluation of an instrument to measure carbon dioxide tension at the oxygenator gas outlet in cardiopulmonary bypass

Perfusion ◽

10.1191/0267659106pf842oa ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 21-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Frode Kristiansen ◽

Jan Olav Høgetveit ◽

Thore H Pedersen

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Carbon Dioxide Tension ◽

Circuit Board ◽

Separate Analysis ◽

Blood Gas ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Gas Measurement ◽

Venous Blood Gas

This paper presents the clinical testing of a new capno-graph designed to measure the carbon dioxide tension at the oxygenator exhaust outlet in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). During CPB, there is a need for reliable, accurate and instant estimates of the arterial blood CO2 tension (PaCO2) in the patient. Currently, the standard practice for measuring PaCO2 involves the manual collection of intermittent blood samples, followed by a separate analysis performed by a blood gas analyser. Probes for inline blood gas measurement exist, but they are expensive and, thus, unsuitable for routine use. A well-known method is to measure PexCO2, ie, the partial pressure of CO2 in the exhaust gas output from the oxygenator and use this as an indirect estimate for PaCO2. Based on a commercially available CO2 sensor circuit board, a laminar flow capnograph was developed. A standard sample line with integrated water trap was connected to the oxygenator exhaust port. Fifty patients were divided into six different groups with respect to oxygenator type and temperature range. Both arterial and venous blood gas samples were drawn from the CPB circuit at various temperatures. Alfa-stat corrected pCO2 values were obtained by running a linear regression for each group based on the arterial temperature and then correcting the PexCO2 accordingly. The accuracy of the six groups was found to be (±SD): ±4.3, ±4.8, ±5.7, ±1.0, ±3.7 and ±2.1%. These results suggest that oxygenator exhaust capnography is a simple, inexpensive and reliable method of estimating the PaCO2 in both adult and pediatric patients at all relevant temperatures.

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The Significance of the Bohr Effect in the Respiration and Asphyxiation of the Squid, Loligo Pealei

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.6.4.340 ◽

1929 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 340-349 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

ALFRED C. REDFIELD ◽

ROBERT GOODKIND

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Toxic Effect ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Bohr Effect ◽

Reciprocal Effects ◽

Cent Oxygen ◽

Carbon Dioxide Content ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Loligo Pealei

1. The oxygen and carbon-dioxide content of the arterial and venous blood of the squid, Loligo pealei, have been measured. 2. Using a nomographic method of analysis it is shown that the reciprocal effects of oxygen and carbon dioxide upon the respiratory properties of squid haemocyanin account for one-third of the respiratory exchange. 3. The venous blood is estimated to be 0.13 pH unit more acid than the arterial blood. 4. Death from asphyxiation occurs when the oxygen and carbon-dioxide pressures are such that the arterial blood can combine with only 0.5 to 1.5 volumes per cent, oxygen. Carbon dioxide exerts no toxic effect except through its influence on the oxygenation of the blood. 5. The haemocyanin of the blood is of vital necessity to the squid, because the amount of oxygen which can be physically dissolved in blood is less than the amount which is necessary for the maintenance of life.

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