A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CONVENTIONAL, LEAFLESS AND SEMI-LEAFLESS PHENOTYPES OF PEAS: PHOTOSYNTHETIC CO2 FIXATION IN VITRO

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 665-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. LAFOND ◽  
L. E. EVANS
Keyword(s):  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Co2 Fixation ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Carboxylase Activity ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
In Vitro Measurements ◽  
Internal Arrangement

The effect of the "leafless" mutations (in which tendrils replace leaflets, af, and the stipules are reduced to a vestigial form, st) upon chlorophyll content, total protein, soluble protein, ribulose biphosphate carboxylase activity, and fresh weight/dry weight ratio were studied. Comparison of three near-isogenic lines of Century, Freezer and Trapper for the genotypes af af st st (leafless), af af + + (semi-leafless) and + + st st (reduced stipules) were compared with the conventional (+ + + +) plants. Chlorophyll contents were reduced by as much as 50% in the leafless phenotypes, as compared to the leafed plants. The leafless phenotype showed significantly higher levels of total nitrogen than the leafed plants. Tendrils had significantly lower levels of soluble protein than leaflets in two of the three cultivars examined. The fresh weight/dry weight ratio was significantly higher in the leafless phenotypes than the leafed types as a result of changes in morphology, going from a leaflet to a tendril. The internal arrangement of cells in the tendril was typical of pith and cortex tissue with very few intercellular spaces between the parenchyma cells. The intercellular space index within the tendrils was significantly lower than in the leaflet. In vitro measurements of ribulose biphosphate carboxylase activity were calculated per unit fresh weight and per unit chlorophyll. No significant differences were found between the different phenotypes per unit fresh weight; however, when the activity was measured per unit chlorophyll, the values for tendrils were significantly higher than for leaflets.

Effects of Glyphosate on Metabolism of Phenolic Compounds: VI. Effects of Glyphosine and Glyphosate Metabolites on Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Activity, Growth, and Protein, Chlorophyll, and Anthocyanin Levels in Soybean (Glycine max) Seedlings

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Hoagland
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Soluble Protein ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Pal Activity ◽  
Vitro Effect

The growth regulator, glyphosine [N,N-bis(phosphonomethyl)glycine], and other possible metabolites of glyphosine and glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] [glycine, sarcosine, and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA)] were tested individually (0.5 mM) or as a mixture (each at 0.5 mM) for their effects on growth, extractable phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity, hydroxyphenolic-compound production, chlorophyll and anthocyanin contents, and on soluble-protein levels in soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Hill’] seedlings. Most chemical treatments caused some inhibition of growth either on fresh weight accumulation or on root elongation in the light and dark over 72 h. Glyphosine was generally the most inhibitory and caused the greatest inhibition on axis dry-weight accumulation. Glyphosine significantly increased extractable PAL activity in axes of light- and dark-grown soybeans to a lesser extent than did glyphosate. AMPA had some inhibitory effects on extractable PAL activity whereas other compounds had little influence on the enzyme. These compounds had little effect on total soluble protein in axes or on soluble protein in PAL preparations from 12 to 72 h in light-or dark-grown seedlings. No in vitro effect of the chemicals on PAL activity was found at concentrations up to 0.5 mM. Hydroxyphenolic compound levels increased within 24 to 72 h (per gram fresh weight basis) in light- or dark-grown soybean axes treated with glyphosine, AMPA, or a metabolite mixture (AMPA, sarcosine, and glycine). Anthocyanin content was decreased by glyphosate and to a lesser extent by glyphosine, but was increased by AMPA and the mixture. Glyphosate significantly increased the chlorophylla/bratio and decreased total chlorophyll, but glyphosine decreased the chlorophyll content to a lesser degree.

scholarly journals A method to improve leaf succulence quantification

1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
André Mantovani
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Ecological Implications ◽  
Leaf Succulence ◽  
Sun Leaves

Leaf succulence has important physiological and ecological implications. Currently it is quantified by Delf's index (fresh weight/leaf area) and fresh weight/ dry weight ratio. Both indeces are reconsidered and a new index is proposed. Shade and sun leaves from terrestrial, hemiepiphytic and epiphytic aroids were studied. Delf's formula, which does not consider dry weight, overestimated leaf succulence. As fresh weight / dry weight ratio (fw / dw) does not consider leaf area, plants with the same fw / dw ratio were more than five times different in area. The last case was only possible with a decrease in surface / volume ratio and a increase of mesophyll thickness, components not measured by fw / dw ratio. The new index proposed here, which takes into consideration dry weight and leaf area, showed a high correlation to mesophyll thickness.

scholarly journals Silver Nanoparticles Effects on In Vitro Germination, Growth, and Biochemical Activity of Tomato, Radish, and Kale Seedlings

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 5340
Author(s):  
Alicja Tymoszuk
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽  
In Vitro Germination ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Biochemical Activity

The interactions between nanoparticles and plant cells are still not sufficiently understood, and studies related to this subject are of scientific and practical importance. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of the most commonly produced and used nanomaterials. This study aimed to investigate the influence of AgNPs applied at the concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 mg·L−1 during the process of in vitro germination as well as the biometric and biochemical parameters of developed seedlings in three vegetable species: Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Poranek’, Raphanus sativus L. var. sativus ‘Ramona’, and Brassica oleracea var. sabellica ‘Nero di Toscana’. The application of AgNPs did not affect the germination efficiency; however, diverse results were reported for the growth and biochemical activity of the seedlings, depending on the species tested and the AgNPs concentration. Tomato seedlings treated with nanoparticles, particularly at 100 mg·L−1, had shorter shoots with lower fresh and dry weights and produced roots with lower fresh weight. Simultaneously, at the biochemical level, a decrease in the content of chlorophylls and carotenoids and an increase in the anthocyanins content and guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX) activity were reported. AgNPs-treated radish plants had shorter shoots of higher fresh and dry weight and longer roots with lower fresh weight. Treatment with 50 mg·L−1 and 100 mg·L−1 resulted in the highest and lowest accumulation of chlorophylls and carotenoids in the leaves, respectively; however, seedlings treated with 100 mg·L−1 produced less anthocyanins and polyphenols and exhibited lower GPOX activity. In kale, AgNPs-derived seedlings had a lower content of chlorophylls, carotenoids, and anthocyanins but higher GPOX activity of and were characterized by higher fresh and dry shoot weights and higher heterogeneous biometric parameters of the roots. The results of these experiments may be of great significance for broadening the scope of knowledge on the influence of AgNPs on plant cells and the micropropagation of the vegetable species. Future studies should be aimed at testing lower or even higher concentrations of AgNPs and other NPs and to evaluate the genetic stability of NPs-treated vegetable crops and their yielding efficiency.

Activated protein C prevents LPS-induced pulmonary vascular injury by inhibiting cytokine production

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (2) ◽  
pp. L197-L202 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Murakami ◽  
K. Okajima ◽  
M. Uchiba ◽  
M. Johno ◽  
T. Nakagaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Injury ◽  
Protein C ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Anticoagulant Activity ◽  
Activated Protein C ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Endothelial Damage ◽  
Factor X

We investigated the effect of activated protein C (APC) on pulmonary vascular injury and the increase in tumor necrosis factor (TNF) levels in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated rats to determine whether APC reduces LPS-induced endothelial damage by inhibiting cytokine production. Intravenously administered LPS (5 mg/kg) induced pulmonary vascular injury, as indicated by an increase in the lung wet-to-dry weight ratio. LPS-induced pulmonary vascular injury was prevented by APC but not by active site-blocked factor Xa [dansyl glutamyl-glycyl-arginyl chloromethyl detone-treated activated factor X (DEGR-Xa)], a selective inhibitor of thrombin generation, or inactivated APC [diisopropyl fluorophosphate-treated APC (DIP-APC)]. APC, but not DEGR-Xa or DIP-APC, significantly inhibited the LPS-induced increase in the plasma level of TNF. APC significantly inhibited the production of TNF by LPS-stimulated monocytes in a dose-dependent fashion in vitro, but DIP-APC did not. APC did not inhibit the functions of activated neutrophils in vitro. These findings suggest that APC prevented LPS-induced pulmonary vascular injury by inhibiting TNF production by monocytes and not via its anticoagulant activity. The serine protease activity of APC appears to be essential for inhibition of TNF production.

scholarly journals In vitro screening of rice genotypes using polyethylene glycol under drought stress

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Akte ◽  
S Yasmin ◽  
MJH Bhuiyan ◽  
F Khatun ◽  
J Roy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Relative Water Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Proline Accumulation ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Relative Water

Five rice varieties viz. Binadhan-4, Binadhan-5, Binadhan-6, Binadhan-10 and Iratom-24 were evaluated in vitro under different water stress conditions. Several parameters such as germination percentage, shoot length, root length, shoot-root ratio, fresh weight, dry weight, turgid weight, relative water content and proline accumulation were studied. Drought condition was created by MS medium supplemented with five treatments of PEG, with a control such as 0%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% of PEG. The highest germination (100%) was found in the variety Binadhan-10 under low water stress conditions induced by 1% PEG. Similarly, the highest percentage of germination was found in all varieties under control condition (0% PEG). The lowest percentage of germination was obtained in the variety Iratom-24. But under severe stress (4% PEG), the highest percentage of germination was found only in the variety Binadhan-10. Moreover, the variety Binadhan-10 was found to be the best at 4% PEG for shoot length, root length, shoot-root ratio, relative water content and also the best at 1% PEG for fresh weight, dry weight, turgid weight. Water stress decreased relative water content and increased proline accumulation in rice. The highest relative water content was recorded in the variety Binadhan-10 and the lowest value recorded in the variety Binadhan-5. The highest proline content was obtained from the binadhan-6 at the highest treatment (4% PEG). Binadhan-10 showed the best performance almost in all the parameters under drought stress because of its own nature of tolerancy.Progressive Agriculture 27 (2): 128-135, 2016

scholarly journals Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Ochradenus arabicus and their physiological effect on Maerua oblongifolia raised in vitro

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan O. Shaikhaldein ◽  
Fahad Al-Qurainy ◽  
Mohammad Nadeem ◽  
Salim Khan ◽  
Mohamed Tarroum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Shoot Number

Abstract Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are presently the most commonly generated engineered nanomaterials and are found in a wide range of agro-commercial products. The present study was designed to synthesize AgNPs biologically using Ochradenus arabicus leaves and investigate their effect on the morphophysiological properties of Maerua oblongifolia raised in vitro. Physicochemical methods (ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were performed for characterization and for obtaining microphotographs of the AgNPs. Shoots of M. oblongifolia (2–3 cm) grown in Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with different concentrations of AgNPs (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 mg L−1) were used. Following 6 weeks of in vitro shoot regeneration, the shoot number, shoot length, leaf number, fresh weight, dry weight, chlorophyll content, total protein, proline level, and antioxidant enzyme activities of the plants were quantified. We found that 20 mg L−1 AgNPs increased the shoot number, shoot length, fresh weight, dry weight, and chlorophyll content of the plants. The maximum total protein was recorded in plants that were administered the lowest dose of AgNPs (10 mg L−1), while high concentrations of AgNPs (40 and 50 mg L−1) increased the levels of proline and the enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase. Our results indicate that green-synthesized AgNPs may be of agricultural and medicinal interest owing to their effects on plants in vitro.

scholarly journals Growth Effects of Uniconazole, Gibberellin, and Calcium on Salt Injuries of Hibiscus syriacus and H. hamabo seedlings

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 899D-899
Author(s):  
Moo R. Huh ◽  
Beyoung H. Kwack ◽  
Leonard P. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Leaf Width ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Crown Diameter ◽  
Nacl Concentration ◽  
Hibiscus Syriacus

Shoot length, leaf length and width, root length, and crown diameter were affected by 0.0-, 0.5-, 1.0-, and 5.0-mg·liter–1 uniconazole drench and 25- or 50-mg·liter–1 GA3 spray but not significantly by 0.0%, 2.5%, and 5.0% NaCl. Leaf width of H. syriacus Sieb. & Zucc. was not affected and that of H. syriacus L. significantly decreased, as NaCl concentration increased. Effect of NaCl on H. syriacus leaf width was offset by treatment with uniconazole but not by GA3 treatment. With 2.5% NaCl, dry weight of H. hamabo treated with uniconazole or GA3 increased and that of treated H. syriacus decreased. With 5.0% NaCl, dry weight of both species decreased with uniconazole or GA3. Calcium at 13.35 or 133.5 mM decreased the reduction of dry weight by NaCl treatment. The dry: fresh weight ratio of H. hamabo and H. syriacus treated with NaCl plus uniconazole was higher than that only treated with NaCl. GA3 treatment with NaCl did not affect the dry: fresh weight ratio for either species

scholarly journals In vitro Sugar and Water Use in Diploid and Tetraploid Genotypes of Daylily (Hemerocallis spp.) in Liquid Medium as Affected by Density and Plant Growth Regulators

HortScience ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Adelberg ◽  
Maria Delgado ◽  
Jeffrey Tomkins
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Medium ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Mass Volume ◽  
Orbital Shaker

Two tetraploid and two diploid genotypes of Hemerocallis spp. were micropropagated on an orbital shaker in Murashige and Skoog liquid medium in a factorial combination of two sucrose concentrations (90 mm and 180 mm), two 6-benzylaminopurine (benzyladenine) concentrations (0.32 μm and 3.2 μm), at two densities (57 explants/L and 171 explants/L), in the presence (0.32 μm) and absence of α-cyclopyl-α-[4-mehtoxyphenyl]-5-pyrimididinmethanol (ancymidol). There were linear relationships between fresh weight and water use (R 2 = 0.800, P < 0.0001), dry weight and sucrose use (R 2 = 0.636, P < 0.0001), and relative dry weight (dry weight/fresh weight = relative dry weight) to concentration of sucrose residual in medium after culture (R 2 = 0.553, P < 0.0001). Eighty-five percent of the water used and 74% of the sucrose used were incorporated as plant fresh weight and dry weight, respectively. A 1% increase in percent sucrose residual (mass/volume in spent medium) was correlated to an increase of 1.8% relative dry weight over the range 7% to 22% relative dry weight. In vessels with 90 mm initial sucrose, where the most growth had occurred (>15 g fresh weight), sucrose was depleted (<0.2% sucrose) and plantlets had the lowest relative dry weight (≈6.9%). In vessels from 180 mm initial sucrose, with similarly high fresh weight, plantlets had 12.0% relative dry weight with 2.1% sucrose residual in medium. Fresh weight, dry weight, or relative dry weight of plantlets in the laboratory did not correlate with subsequent survival or growth in the greenhouse. Plantlets grown without ancymidol at the lower benzyladenine concentration acclimatized to the greenhouse with 93% survival. However, greenhouse survival of plants grown with ancymidol and a higher level of benzyladenine was only 4%. ‘Barbara Mitchell’ was the largest plant in the laboratory, but often had poorest growth in the greenhouse. When optimizing a liquid micropropagation protocol for larger vessels, sucrose and water requirements may be directly related to targeted biomass yield, but each genotype needs to be handled independently with ex vitro validation of plant vigor.

scholarly journals (389) Enhanced Growth in Acclimatization of In Vitro Plantlets of Wasabi japonica using Hydroponics

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1032D-1032
Author(s):  
Joo Hyun Lee ◽  
Yong-Beom Lee ◽  
Kyu Sook Lee
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Ps Ii ◽  
Hydroponic System ◽  
Murashige Skoog

Wasabi japonica plantlets were acclimatized in a hydroponic system to determine effective procedures. The plantlets were cultured on solid Murashige-Skoog medium with 3% sucrose. Shoots that formed roots were transplanted into hydroponic systems: 1) acclimatization in ebb-and-flow (EBB) for subirrigation (medium: granulated rockwool and coir); and 2) acclimatization in deep flow technique (DFT). The plantlets were acclimatized for 5 weeks under two irradiance treatments, 50 and 300 mmol·m-2·s-1. Photosynthetic capacity in high PPF was higher than that in low PPF during acclimatization. Electron transport rate from PS II (ETR) and biomass production increased significantly with increased light availability. The fresh weight, dry weight, and leaf area of plantlets in high PPF were higher than those in low PPF. In particular, the dry weight and ETR of the plantlets grown in high PPF increased more than twice as much as those in low PPF. At 50 mmol·m-2·s-1 PPF, growth indexes, such as number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, fresh weight, and dry weight, were higher in EBB (granulated rockwool) > EBB (coir culture) > DFT. At 300 mmol·m-2·s-1 PPF, those indexes were higher in DFT > EBB (granulated rockwool) > EBB (coir). The Wasabi japonica plantlets acclimatized in a hydroponic system also had a superior performance when they were transferred to the field.

scholarly journals 139 Flower Senescence in Hibiscus syriacus L.

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 413D-413
Author(s):  
Hye Jin Kwon ◽  
Song Kwon ◽  
Ki Sun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Hibiscus Syriacus

This experiment was undertaken to characterize the physiological changes taking place during the petal senescence of Hibiscus syriacus. Five distinctive developmental stages were chronologically suggested. Flower bud dry weight increased almost linearly from Stage I to Stage IV at a rate of ≈15 mg/day. Fresh weight and fresh/dry weight ratio increased much more rapidly between Stage III and Stage IV than during the early stage of development. It showed that petal expansion was partially due to an increased water uptake. The highest osmolality (411 mmol) was found in the fully open flowers. During the subsequent senescence and collapse of the flower, from Stage IV to Stage V, there were a rapid loss of fresh and dry weight and the fall of fresh/dry weight ratio, corresponding to the wilting that characterizes early senescence. A rise in cell sap osmolality coincided with the increase in soluble sugar content and fresh/dry weight ratio, and with the expansion of Hibiscus syriacus petal. Therefore, buds at Stage III, where they are under physiological maturity, might be appropriate to harvest. Hibiscus syriacus flowers showed a small but respiratory peak at Stage IV. The maximum rate of respiration was obtained with fully open flowers (Stage IV), whereas ethylene production remained extremely low until the petals started to open. Ethylene production, ACC synthase, and ACC content increased as the fresh weight of the flowers started to decline. At Stage V, there were a loss of petal fresh weight and a considerable increase in ethylene production (9 nL/g per h). The results of the present study have shown that petal tissue at Stage IV, presenescent stage, was characterized by the increase of soluble sugar and fresh weight, which might be expected to lead to petal expansion and limit turgidity. ABA and the stomata on petal might promote the disorganization.

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