HUMUS FRACTION RATIOS AS A MEANS OF DISCRIMINATING BETWEEN HORIZON TYPES

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. LOWE
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Humic Acid ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Fulvic Acid ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Acid Fraction ◽  
Humus Fraction ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fraction Distribution

Humus fraction distribution in a wide range of horizon samples was examined by measuring carbon content in humic acid (Ch), in fulvic acid (Cf) and in the strongly colored polyphenolic component of the fulvic acid fraction (Ca). Fraction distribution was described by the ratios Ch/Cf and Ca/Cf. It was concluded that humus fraction ratios were related to horizon types as used in the Canadian System of Soil Classification, and were effective in discriminating between certain horizon types, particularly between Luvisolic Bt and Podzolic Bf. The results also suggested that humus fraction ratios may be effective in separating distinct sub-populations within Ah horizons and Bf horizons in general, based on qualitative differences in organic matter present. Aspects of the role of humus fractions in soil genesis are discussed.

LIMITATIONS OF ALKALI-EXTRACTABLE ORGANIC FRACTIONS AS BASES OF SOIL CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. SCHUPPLI ◽  
J. A. McKEAGUE
Keyword(s):  
Humic Acid ◽  
Fulvic Acid ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Classification Criteria ◽  
Acid Fraction ◽  
Fractionation Procedure ◽  
Tenfold Increase ◽  
Organic Fractions ◽  
Humic Acid Carbon

Soil samples, mainly from eastern and northern Canada, were extracted with sodium hydroxide-pyrophosphate and the centrifuged extracts were fractionated into humic acid, fulvic acid and the polyphenolic component of the fulvic acid fraction. Details of the extraction and fractionation procedure were altered systematically and the effects of these changes on amounts of carbon in the various fractions were studied. A tenfold increase in the ratio of soil to extracting solution resulted in a marked increase (nearly double in some cases) in the ratio of humic acid carbon to fulvic acid carbon (Ch/Cf). Increasing the centrifugal force from 1150 × g to 8200 × g had little effect on Ch, but decreased Cf values. Dissolving and reprecipitating humic acid resulted usually in a decrease in Ch/Cf. Different shaking speeds and times, and extraction under nitrogen rather than air had minor, if any, effects on the Ch/Cf ratios. Most of the podzolic B horizons tested could be distinguished from the other 60 horizons by the combination of C ext (extractable carbon), Ch/Cf and Ca/Cf (carbon content of the polyphenols component of the fulvic acid fraction/fulvic acid carbon).Extractable organic fractions have some promise as bases of soil classification criteria but their potential is limited at present. The procedures are time-consuming and exacting, and results are not comparable between laboratories. Rigorous standardization of methods and interlaboratory comparisons of data might lead to more useful criteria based on organic matter composition. Key words: Humic acid carbon, fulvic acid carbon, polyphenols carbon, extractable carbon, classification criteria

Characteristics of fouling due to clay-organic substances in potable water treatment by ultrafiltration

1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim C.-H. ◽  
M. Hosomi ◽  
A. Murakami ◽  
M. Okada
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Humic Acid ◽  
Fulvic Acid ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Ultrafiltration Membrane ◽  
Organic Substances ◽  
Decomposition Products ◽  
Microbial Decomposition ◽  
Fouling Materials

Effects of clay on fouling due to organic substances and clay were evaluated by model fouling materials and kaolin. Model fouling materials selected were protein, polysaccharide, fulvic acid, humic acid and algogenic matter (EOM:ectracellular organic matter, microbial decomposition products) and kaolin was selected as the clay material. Polysulfone membrane (MWCO(Molecular Weight Cut-Off) 10,000, 50,000 and 200,000) was used as an ultrafiltration membrane. In particular, the flux measurement of solutions containing algogenic matter used an ultrafiltration membrane of MWCO 50,000. The flux of protein and polysaccharide with coexistence of kaolin increased in the case of the ratio of MW/MWCO being greater than one, but did not increase in the case of the MW/MWCO ratio being below one. In contrast, the flux of fulvic acid and humic acid with coextence of kaolin decreased regardless of the ratio of MW/MWCO. The addition of dispersion agent and coagulant in the organic substances and kaolin mixture solution changed the size distribution of kaolin, and resulted in a change of the flux. EOM and microbial decomposition products decreased with the increase of the fraction of organic matter having molecular weight more than MWCO of membrane. The flux of the algogenic organic matter with coexistence of kaolin decreased with the increase of the amount of kaolin. It was suggested that the decline of the flux with coexistence of kaolin was due to the change of the resistance of the kaolin cake layer corresponding to the change in kaolin size distribution with charge.

On the Role of Enduring Contact in Powder Lubrication

2005 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 168-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Y. Jang ◽  
M. M. Khonsari
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Solution ◽  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Kinetic Regime ◽  
Governing Equations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fraction Distribution ◽  
Powder Lubrication

This paper is devoted to a study of the enduring contact between granules of powder lubricants in an effort to better understand the flow characteristics of powder lubricants. Appropriate formulation of the governing equations is reported that can be used for prediction of the flow velocity, pseudo temperature, and volume fraction distribution of powders for a wide range of operating speeds. A set of parametric simulations and a limiting analytical solution is presented for predicting the behavior of a powder lubricant under low operating speeds when the enduring contact tends to dominate the kinetic regime. The limiting solution shows that below a certain sliding speed the volume fraction remains unchanged due to the effect of the enduring contact. It is also shown that below this limiting speed the enduring contact plays a major role and should not be neglected.

Role of Complexation in Propranolol Sorption to Clay Minerals in the Presence of Fulvic and Humic Acid

2014 ◽  
Vol 926-930 ◽  
pp. 222-225
Author(s):  
Na Peng ◽  
Kai Feng Wang ◽  
Guo Guang Liu ◽  
Lin Ze Zeng ◽  
Han Wei Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Humic Acid ◽  
Fluorescence Quenching ◽  
Fulvic Acid ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Fluorescence Quenching Method ◽  
Quenching Method ◽  
Ph Range

Sorption behaviors of propranolol (PRO) on montmorillonite and kaolinite in the presence of fulvic acid (FA) and humic acid (HA) were investigated. Complexation of propranolol with FA/HA also have been studied using the fluorescence quenching method. PRO could be complexed by FA and HA strongly in the 5-9 pH range. PRO sorption was found to be higher on montmorillonite than on kaolinite. In the presence of FA/HA, the sorption of PRO on montmorillonite and kaolinite was inhibited and enhanced respectively. The mechanism is due to the free PRO and complexed PRO has different affinity to montmorillonite and kaolinite surfaces.

Identification of humic acid-like and fulvic acid-like natural organic matter in river water using fluorescence spectroscopy

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 2427-2433 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Peiris ◽  
H. Budman ◽  
C. Moresoli ◽  
R. L. Legge
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Humic Acid ◽  
Water Sample ◽  
Fulvic Acid ◽  
River Water ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Product Formation ◽  
Fluorescence Excitation

Identifying the extent of humic acid (HA)-like and fulvic acid (FA)-like natural organic matter (NOM) present in natural water is important to assess disinfection by-product formation and fouling potential during drinking water treatment applications. However, the unique fluorescence properties related to HA-like NOM is masked by the fluorescence signals of the more abundant FA-like NOM. For this reason, it is not possible to accurately characterize HA-like and FA-like NOM components in a single water sample using direct fluorescence EEM analysis. A relatively simple approach is described here that demonstrates the feasibility of using a fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) approach for identifying HA-like and FA-like NOM fractions in water when used in combination with a series of pH adjustments and filtration steps. It is demonstrated that the fluorescence EEMs of HA-like and FA-like NOM fractions from the river water sample possessed different spectral properties. Fractionation of HA-like and FA-like NOM prior to fluorescence analysis is therefore proposed as a more reasonable approach.

Enhanced Humification of Soil Organic Matter by Microwave Irradiation and Hyperthermal Catalysts

2014 ◽  
Vol 1073-1076 ◽  
pp. 696-699
Author(s):  
Baek Hoon Kim ◽  
Seung Kyun Son ◽  
Hee Jun Lim ◽  
Han Seung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Fulvic Acid ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Mw Irradiation

Soil organic matter (SOM) is derived from dead biomass of animals and plants, and its formation process in which the precursor materials of SOM are transformed into macro organic molecules through geo-chemical and geo-biological reactions in the subsurface environment is referred to as humification. Carbon content increases, but oxygen content decreases along with marked increased in molecular weight and degree of condensation of SOM during humification. It has been known that humus materials evolve in the order of biopolymer, fulvic acid, humic acid, and humin. Humification process takes place in a geological time scale, but it can be accelerated at extremely high temperatures, which can be achieved by microwave (MW) with hyperthermal catalysts (HTCs). Thus, MW was irradiated to the mixture of soil and HTCs to stimulate humification of SOM and to enhance its binding capacity for recalcitrant organic contaminants in this study. MW irradiation with HTCs was optimized, and the characteristic changes of SOMs before and after the irradiation were assessed to confirm humification. Soils were collected from 4 different forest regions in Seoul, Korea (Konkuk University, Yongma Mountain, Surak Mountain, and Bukhan Mountain), and they were screened by wet-sieving. Each component of SOM was isolated by acid-base extraction/selective exchange resin, which was proposed by the International Humic Substance Society. Total organic carbon (TOC) content, specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA), E4/E6 ratio, and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectrum of SOM before and after MW irradiation were examined. Soil of Surak Mountain exhibited the highest organic carbon content, but Yongma Mountain contained the highest amount of fulvic acid. Soils of Yongma Mountain and Konkuk University were chosen due to their high fulvic acid content, which supported that these soils are relatively geologically-young soils. Powdered and granulated activated carbon (PAC and GAC), graphite, charcoal, and carbon nanotube (CNT) were selected and screened with regard to their hyperthermal activity under MW irradiation. The temperature changes by MW with HTCs were monitored at various MW irradiation intensity and time. Graphite-and CNT-soil mixtures exhibited the optimum heating capacity at 600 W, resulting in heating HTC-soil mixtures to approximately 1,000oC within 10 min. TOCs, SUVAs, E4/E6 ratios, and FT-IR spectra of SOM supported effective humification of SOM after MW irradiation with HTCs, and notable increase in binding capacity with hydrophobic organic contaminants. The results of this study are expected to provide the fundamental information for developing the performance-efficient and cost-effective treatment process for the removal of persistent organic contaminants based on MW and HTC.

Genesis of podzols on coastal dunes in southern Queensland .III. The role of aluminum organic complexes in profile development

Soil Research ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 645 ◽  
Author(s):  
JO Skjemstad
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Humic Acid ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Fulvic Acid ◽  
Matrix Material ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Coastal Dunes ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Aluminium Content ◽  
Carboxyl Content

Organic matter was extracted sequentially with 0.1 M HC1, 0.5 M HCl and 0.5 M NaOH from three soil samples consisting of the dark brown organic nodules and matrix material from the Bhs2 horizon and the untreated Bhs3 horizon material of a freely drained podzol from Cooloola. The NaOH extract was further divided into fulvic and humic acid. After extracts were separated on G-50 Sephadex gel, titration data demonstrated that carboxyl groups in the collected fractions ranged from 8.8% to 61.3% of the total carbon although some overestimate of the carboxyl content may result from the chromic acid method used. Fractions excluded by the gel made up >95% of each extract and the first fraction collected in each case was the lowest in carboxyl content. These fractions from the 0-1 M HC1 extracts were generally low in carboxyl content (8.8%-24.9%) as were those from the humic acids (10.7-11.2%) although the major remaining humic acid fractions were extremely high (58.6-61.3510). The 0.5 M HCl and fulvic acid extracts appeared similar in chemical properties with carboxyl content of the separated fractions ranging from 16.4 to 44.0%. Molar absorptivities were in the order 0.1 M HCl < 0.5 M HC1< fulvic acid < humic acid. The pKa values of the acids were found to increase in the order humic acid < fulvic acid = 0.5 M HCl < 0.1 M HCl as well as in the order Bhs2 (dark brown nodules) < Bhs2 (yellow brown bulk) < Bhs3 for each fraction. Ease of flocculation of the extracts by aluminium counter ions decreased in the order humic acid > fulvic acid > 0.5 M HCl > 0.1 M HCl. It was demonstrated that other organic extracts low in aluminium content could be used to remobilize flocculated humic acid through redistribution of the aluminium bound to the precipitated phase into the solution phase. From these and other data, a hypothesis explaining the specific manner in which organic matter is arrested during podzolization is proposed. Some major factors appear to be (a) the pH of the horizon, (6) pKa and aromaticity of the organic acids and (c) availability of aluminium to the organic fractions. Remobilization of precipitated organic matter requires the presence of organic acids of low aluminium content in the percolating soil solution. This hypothesis adequately describes the process by which distinct Bh, Bhs and Bs horizons are formed and evolve during profile genesis.

HUMIC-FULVIC ACID RELATIONSHIPS IN ORGANIC SOILS AND HUMIFICATION OF THE ORGANIC MATTER IN THESE SOILS

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Schnitzer
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Humic Acid ◽  
Fulvic Acid ◽  
Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Fulvic Acids ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Salting Out ◽  
Naoh Solution

Twenty organic-soil samples of widely differing degrees of decomposition were extracted with 0.5 N NaOH solution under N2. Amounts of humic and of fulvic acids in the acidified extracts did not correlate significantly with pyrophosphate solubilities. This was thought to be due to interference in the separation scheme by relatively large amounts of ash constituents in the extracts. Since the "classical" fractionation of soil organic matter appears to involve essentially the "salting out" of higher molecular-weight humic from lower molecular-weight fulvic acids, an excessively high salt concentration during the separation should be avoided.To lower the concentration of inorganic constituents in the extracts, the samples were first pretreated with dilute HCl–HF solution and then extracted with 0.1 N NaOH rather than with 0.5 N NaOH. Under these conditions, amounts of fulvic acids in the acidified extracts showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.52) with pyrophosphate solubilities of untreated extracts, whereas amounts of humic acids in the extracts exhibited a highly negative correlation (r = −0.57) with pyrophosphate solubilities. In the soils examined, increased humification was associated with increases in fulvic-acid but decreases in humic-acid concentrations.From the results of this and of earlier investigations done in this laboratory it appeared that the main mechanism governing humification in these soils was oxidative degradation, resulting ultimately in the formation of fulvic from humic acid.

scholarly journals Using Molecular Weight-Based Fluorescent Detector to Characterize Dissolved EffluentOrganic Matter in Oxidation Ditch with Algae

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Euis Nurul Hidayah ◽  
Okik Hendriyanto Cahyonugroho ◽  
Elita Nurfitriyani Sulistyo ◽  
Nieke Karnangingroem
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Humic Acid ◽  
Fulvic Acid ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Soluble Microbial Products ◽  
Oxidation Ditch ◽  
Effluent Organic Matter ◽  
Wastewater Quality ◽  
Microbial Products

Abstract Implementation microalgae has been considered for enhancing effluent wastewater quality. However, algae can cause environmental issues due to algae released extracellular organic matter, algal organic matter, instead of bacteria-derived organic matter in the biological process. The objectives of this study are to investigate the characteristics of dissolved effluent organic matter as algal-derived organic and bacteria-derived organic during the oxidation ditch process. Experiments were conducted in the oxidation ditch without algae, with Spirulina platensis and Chlorella vulgaris. The results showed dissolved effluent organic matter increased into higher dissolved organic carbon, more aromatic and hydrophobic than that before treatment. Fluorescence spectroscopy identified two component, namely aromatic protein-like at excitation/emission 230/345 nm and soluble microbial products-like at 320/345 nm after treatment, instead of fulvic acid-like at 230/420 nm and humic acid-like at 320/420 nm in raw wastewater. Fractionation of dissolved organic fluorescence based on average molecular weight cut-offs (MWCOs) has obtained that fractions aromatic protein-like, fulvic acid-like, humic acid-like, and soluble microbial products-like has respectively a high MWCOs 50,000 Da, a high to low MWCOs <1650 Da, medium MWCOs 1650 Da to low MWCOs. Biological oxidation ditch under symbiosis algal-bacteria generated humic acid-like and fulvic acid-like with a higher MWCOs than oxidation without algal. The quality and quantity of dissolved effluent organic matter in oxidation ditch algal reactor has been significant affected by algal-bacteria symbiotic.

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