Development of a Coupled 3D Groundwater-Vegetation Model for Coastal Wetlands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuxin Luo ◽  
Ting Fong May Chui
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystem ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Vegetation Model ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Hydrological Conditions

<p>Mangrove forests are mainly found in the intertidal zone. Their ability to live in saline water enables them to outcompete non-mangrove vegetation in harsh and specific coastal environment. Nevertheless, they can still be invaded by alien mangrove species in suitable hydrological conditions, possibly resulting in more fragile ecosystems. Subtropical mangrove ecosystem demonstrates high variability in mangrove growth and hydrological conditions. However, their interactions are not well-understood, especially for the mangrove interspecific competition in varying groundwater conditions. To address this issue, the present study developed a coupled three-dimensional groundwater-vegetation model based on MANTRA (MANHAM-SUTRA) to simultaneously simulate groundwater hydrodynamics and mangrove distribution. The developed model was then applied to a subtropical mangrove swamp invaded by Sonneratia spp. in Mai Po Nature Reserve, Hong Kong, China. Vegetation domain is updated yearly using the annual mangrove areas extracted from remote-sensing images from 2000 to 2018. Then, multidecadal simulations were performed to validate the model in simulating the interaction between groundwater and mangrove growth. For the piezometric head, all RMS errors are smaller than 0.2 m and the correlation coefficients are larger than 0.86, which proves the effectiveness of the model in groundwater level simulation within Mai Po. The seasonal variations in the groundwater salinity were also well captured in both the fringe forest and the mudflat. The simulated biomass of Sonneratia spp. is mainly distributed at the river outlets, which is also in good agreement with the historical measurements. The validated model can then be used to predict the invasion and the distribution of the exotic mangrove species in the context of future environmental changes for better management of mangrove swamps. Since Sonneratia is a common alien species in southern China, the model can also be used for regional management of mangrove invasion and conservation of native species. The insights obtained from this study may also provide references for other similar studies examining the interaction between coastal groundwater and vegetation.</p>

Laju Dekomposisi Serasah Daun di Ekosistem Bakau Pulau Kelong, Kabupaten Bintan

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
I Wayan Eka Dharmawan ◽  
Neviaty P. Zamani ◽  
Hawis H. Madduppa
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Decomposition Rate ◽  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystem ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Southeastern Part ◽  
Regional Productivity ◽  
High K

<strong>Decomposition Rate of Leaf Litter in The Mangrove Ecosystem of Kelong Island, Bintan Regency.</strong> The mangrove forests in the southeastern part of Kelong Island have abundant carbon reserves that indicate high primary productivity areas. Decomposition of leaf litter, as a part of regional productivity, produces simple essential nutrients utilized to sustain the growth of mangroves. The purpose of this study was to determine the decomposition rate of leaf litter in each zone of the study, the Landward (L), Middlezone (M), and Seaward (S) which is distinguished by the abundance of plant species and in situ environmental parameters. The experiment was conducted in March–May 2015 in the mangrove areas of Island Kelong, Bintan regency. The decomposition process was observed at six time intervals, i.e. 2, 4, 7, 14, 28, and 42 days using net bag containing 10 g of wet leaves placed on the substrate surface. The results showed that L was a zone with highest percentage of decomposition (56.34 ± 20.58%) compared to the M and S, respectively for 51.59 ± 15.46% and 51.09 ± 8.70%. The highest rate of litter decomposition in zone L was 1.40 ± 0.82 g·m-2·day-1 that was significantly different from the zones M and S, respectively of 0.83 ± 0.89 g·m-2·day-1 and 0.78 ± 0.70 g·m-2·day-1.  Analysis of the coefficient of decomposition rate (k) indicated that the rate of decomposition in this region was high (k &gt; 0.01). The decomposition rate has a significant correlation with the abundance of mangrove species, the salinity value of the water, and soil temperature.

scholarly journals Environmental and Education Trials for Mangrove Ecosystem Rehabilitation in China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruili Li ◽  
Minwei Chai ◽  
Xiaoxue Shen ◽  
Cong Shi ◽  
Guoyu Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Metal Pollution ◽  
Heavy Metal Pollution ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystem ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
The Public ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystems ◽  
Representative Species ◽  
Mangrove Wetlands

Based on Chinese ecological policy, we have been studying mangrove ecosystems in southern China, especially from the perspective of pollutants deposition in mangrove wetlands, physiological ecology of mangrove species on the impact of heavy metal pollution and seeking ecosystem restoration. For these, we explored in three aspects: 1) pollutants distribution and ecological risk in main distribution of mangrove, China, 2) eco-statistics and microbial analyses of mangrove ecosystems (including shellfish) in representative locations where mangrove plants are well developed, especially in Shenzhen, a rapid developing economic city in Guangdong Province, 3) ecophysiological experiments on a representative species of mangrove for evaluating combination effects of major nutrient elements and heavy metal pollution on growth and physiological responses of the seedlings. Based on the results, we proposed how to rehabilitate mangrove ecosystem in China under rapidly changing environmental conditions, with a view to our future survival and to provide nature-based solution as well as the public with more ecosystem services.

scholarly journals MIKOKO: A Data Sharing Platform On Kenyan Mangrove Species 

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Prosperi ◽  
Alexander Kathuku ◽  
Pierre Grard
Keyword(s):  
Citizen Science ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Open Data ◽  
High Water ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystem ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Forest Service ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
African Region ◽  
Mangrove Species

The Mangrove ecosystem offers a range of benefits and opportunities for local and national economic development such as fisheries, shoreline stability, and resource sustainability hence they should be protected and conserved. In Kenya Mangroves were declared government reserve forests by the Proclamation No. 44 of 30th April 1932, and later by Legal Notice No. 174 of 20th May 1964. Under this “Gazette Notification for Mangrove Forests in Kenya” all land between high water and low water marks (ordinary spring tides) are described as mangrove areas. These forests cover about 61,279ha representing approximately 3% of the natural forest cover or less than 1% of the national land area. Mangrove forests are found in tidal estuaries, creeks, and protected bays along the 536 km long Kenyan coastline that extends from the Kenya-Tanzania border in the south to the Kenya-Somalia border in the north; between latitudes 1°40΄S and 4°25΄S and longitudes 41°34΄E and 39°17΄E. Mikoko (Mangrove in Swahili) is the first project specifically developed for mangrove areas in Kenya. Driven by the Kenya Forest Service, the project takes into account the recommendations of the National Mangrove Ecosystem Management Plan 2017-2027. For effective management of mangroves in the country, the Plan is organised around six programmes including; forest conservation and utilization; fisheries development and management; community; tourism development; research and education; and human resource and operations. These programmes prescribe measures for rehabilitation, conservation, and sustainable management of mangrove ecosystems in Kenya. Implementations of this Plan will be led by Kenya Forest Service (KFS); but will also include other key actors such as Kenya Wildlife Service, State Department of Fisheries, Research Institutions, Academia and Community Forest Associations through a specially constituted National Mangrove Advisory Committee. The project is for a 2-year period during which it shall develop an effective system for management of mangrove resources in Kenya. This will be done through the development of management prescriptions, skills improvement and provision of adequate infrastructure as recommended by the mangrove plan. Biodiversity information on mangroves, covering species descriptions and distribution, is essential for understanding the ecology and distribution of this endangered ecosystem and its management. Nowadays, very few is done in that domain. If the mangroves location are well know, it's not the case regarding the species distribution. Citizen science is a way to address this important issue. MIKOKO, a French FSPI funded project, is focused on Kenya to develop species information systems on mangrove species. Mikoko aims to assimilate knowledge through its participatory portal to strengthen a science and technology network of stakeholders such as scientists and parataxonomists in the African region. The portal platform will contain a Citizen Science module, a graphic driven species identification module, a species pages module conforming to Species Profile Model and a spatial module. Subscribing to open data paradigm, all the data on the portal will be covered by Creative Commons license framework. Mobile applications for identifying 60 plant species and contributing to citizen science module will be deployed. The oral presentation will expose the portal features and related apps seeking participation from the environmentalists from the African region.

scholarly journals Potential of Mangrove Ecosystem as a Tourism Object Development in Kaledupa Island

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 11-17
Author(s):  
Amiruddin Akbar Fisu ◽  
Afandi Ahmad ◽  
Adrianto Hidayat ◽  
Liza Utami Marzaman
Keyword(s):  
Mangrove Ecosystem ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Fish Ponds ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystems ◽  
Coral Reef Ecosystems ◽  
Seagrass Ecosystems ◽  
Evaluative Research

Mangrove forests that live in coastal areas, besides being beneficial for human needs, also often clash with development interests such as ports, fish ponds, and tourist areas that threaten their sustainability. Wakatobi Regency has the potential of living natural resources in the form of coastal and marine resources which are quite large, including mangrove ecosystems, seagrass ecosystems and coral reef ecosystems. The purpose of this study is to analyze the potential of mangrove ecosystems and to design the development of mangrove forests as an ecotourism potential. This research is a descriptive-evaluative research, with a qualitative approach. This research is important as a consideration in the development of attractions, which are the main sector in Wakatobi Regency. Mangrove species that dominate throughout the Wakatobi region are Rhizophora spp, Avicennia spp. and Sonneratia spp. Based on the potential of each island in Wakatobi Regency, Kaledupa Island is a priority area to be developed into ecotourism. This study recommends the construction of several supporting facilities for ecotourism on Kaledupa Island. Suggestions and infrastructure include service facilities, trade facilities and accommodation facilities

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM POTENCY AND ITS UTILIZATION IN DOMPU REGENCY COASTAL WATERS, WEST NUSA TENGGARA PROVINCE USING SATELLITE IMAGERY APPLICATION

Jurnal Segara ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulius Yulius ◽  
Syahrial Nur Amri ◽  
August Daulat ◽  
Sari Indriani Putri
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Imagery ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Mangrove Forest ◽  
Satellite Image ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystem ◽  
Coastal Vegetation ◽  
Coastal Protection ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Mangrove Species

Mangrove forests are tropical coastal vegetation communities, which has the ability to grow in coastal area with tidal and muddy environment. Several functions of mangrove forest such as ecological functions can be used for coastal protection, trapping sediment and strengthen the coastal ecosystems. Coastal waters in Dompu Regency, West Nusa Tenggara have natural mangrove ecosystem with a huge potency and advantages to the region. This study aimed to understand the condition of mangrove ecosystem based on satellite image analysis of Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) in 2014 and assess the potency, information related to the utilization by community. Data collection in this study were combined from satellite imagery interpretation with interview and questionnaires. The results showed that the mangrove forest extent in Dompu Regency Coastal Waters were about 90,631 ha with uniformity index 0.68 (medium uniformity). Two mangrove species were found in the region namely Rhizopora stylosa and Rhizopora apiculata and used by the community for several purposes such as firewood, natural coastal protection from tidal, waves and abrasion, also for crabs and fish spawning ground.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Media Tanam dan Intensitas Naungan Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bibit Api-Api (Avicennia alba)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-50
Author(s):  
Cecep Kusmana ◽  
Fadlilatul Hasanah
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystem ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Treatment Combination ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Avicennia Alba ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Mangrove forests are ecosystems located in tidal areas in coastal areas, beaches, and small islands. The area of ​​mangrove forests is decreasing due to the conversion of mangrove forests into fishponds, plantations, and timber exploitation. Mangrove ecosystem rehabilitation activities need to be carried out through planting. Avicennia alba is a pioneer mangrove species that grows in mangrove swamp habitats on sheltered coastal locations, as well as in the saltier parts of the coastline. The objectives of this research is to analyze the effect of planting media and shade intensity on the seedling growth of Avicennia alba. The study used a two-factor experimental design in a complete randomized design. The first factor is planting media and the second one in shade intensity. The results showed that the shading intensity most influenced the growth of Avicennia alba seedlings. The variables affected include height, diameter, number of leaves, total wet weight, and total dry weight. The treatment combination that gave the best results was A2N0, that means the planting medium in the form of a mixture of mud, sand and compost and without shade (0% shade). Keywords: Avicennia alba, growth, photosynthesis, planting media, shade intensity

scholarly journals ANALISIS KESESUAIAN EKOSISTEM MANGROVE SEBAGAI KAWASAN EKOWISATA DI PULAU KELAPAN KABUPATEN BANGKA SELATAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-142
Author(s):  
Arthur Muhammad Farhaby ◽  
Andi Abdullah ◽  
Carmila Carmila ◽  
Edward Arnanda ◽  
Emi Atika Nasution ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystem ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Rhizophora Mucronata ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Rhizophora Apiculata ◽  
Xylocarpus Granatum ◽  
Suitability Index ◽  
The Village

Pulau Kelapan secara geografis terletak pada 2?50’59.000’’ LS dan 106?50’31.000’’ BT.Pulau Kelapan terletak di desa Kumbung, Kecamatan Lepar Pongok, Kabupaten Bangka Selatan. Pulau ini dikelilingi oleh hutan mangrove yang masih alami dan keberadaannya memang dijaga oleh masyarakat Pulau Kelapan.Kawasan hutan mangrove Pulau Kelapan memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan menjadi destinasi ekowisata mangrove. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kesesuaian lahan mangrove di Pulau Kelapan untuk dikembangkan sebagai lokasi wisata. Data yang diambil meliputi data kesesuaian wisata mangrove seperti parameter vegetasi dan lingkungan. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan November 2019 di Pulau Kelapan, Kabupaten Lepar Pongok, Kabupaten Bangka Selatan. Stasiun pengamatan dalam penelitian ditentukan dengan metode purposive sampling, dimana membagi pulau kelapan ke dalam 4 stasiun pengamatan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Indeks Kesesuaian Wisata (IKW) untuk ekowisata mangrove di Pulau Kelapan pada stasiun 1 termasuk dalam kategori sangat cocok (S1) dengan nilai IKW 79% dan yang termasuk kategori sesuai (S2) ditemukan di stasiun 2.3 dan 4 dengan nilai IKW masing-masing adalah 51%, 66 % dan 74%. Jenis mangrove yang ditemukan di Pulau Kelapan adalah Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Xylocarpus granatum yang tersebar di setiap stasiun pengamatan.SUITABILITY ANALYSIS OF MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM AS ECOTOURISM AREAS IN KELAPAN ISLAND, SOUTH BANGKA DISTRICT. The Kelapan Island is geographically located at 2?50’59,000 ’’ LS and 106?50’31,000 ’’ BT. Kelapan Island located in the village Kumbung, District Lepar Pongok, South Bangka Regency. The island is surrounded by a natural mangrove forests and its existence is maintained and managed by local communities Kelapan island mangrove forest area has the potential to be developed into a mangrove eco-tourism destination. This study aims to determine the suitability of mangrove area in Kelapan Island to be developed as an ecotourism location. The research data includes the suitability index of mangrove tourism such as vegetation and environmental parameters. This research was conducted on November 2019 on Kelapan Island, Lepar Pongok, South Bangka Regency. The observation stations in the study were determined by the purposive sampling method, which divides the Kelapan islands into 4 observation stations. The results showed that the index of Conformity Tourism (IKW) for ecotourism mangroves on the Kelapan Island at station 1 were included in the category of very suitable (S1) with IKW 79% and are categorized accordingly (S2) were found in the station 2.3 and 4 with the value of IKW of 51%, 66% and 74%. Mangrove species found on the Kelapan Island was Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Xylocarpus granatum found in each observation station.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Performance of Sentinel-2, Landsat 8 and Pléiades-1 in Mapping Mangrove Extent and Species

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dezhi Wang ◽  
Bo Wan ◽  
Penghua Qiu ◽  
Yanjun Su ◽  
Qinghua Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Feature Space ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystem ◽  
Recursive Feature Elimination ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Shortwave Infrared ◽  
Sentinel 2

Mapping mangrove extent and species is important for understanding their response to environmental changes and for observing their integrity for providing goods and services. However, accurately mapping mangrove extent and species are ongoing challenges in remote sensing. The newly-launched and freely-available Sentinel-2 (S2) sensor offers a new opportunity for these challenges. This study presents the first study dedicated to the examination of the potential of original bands, spectral indices, and texture information of S2 in mapping mangrove extent and species in the first National Nature Reserve for mangroves in Dongzhaigang, China. To map mangrove extent and species, a three-level hierarchical structure based on the spatial structure of a mangrove ecosystem and geographic object-based image analysis is utilized and modified. During the experiments, to conquer the challenge of optimizing high-dimension and correlated feature space, the recursive feature elimination (RFE) algorithm is introduced. Finally, the selected features from RFE are employed in mangrove species discriminations, based on a random forest algorithm. The results are compared with those of Landsat 8 (L8) and Pléiades-1 (P1) data and show that S2 and L8 could accurately extract mangrove extent, but P1 obviously overestimated it. Regarding mangrove species community levels, the overall classification accuracy of S2 is 70.95%, which is lower than P1 imagery (78.57%) and slightly higher than L8 data (68.57%). Meanwhile, the former difference is statistically significant, and the latter is not. The dominant species is extracted basically in S2 and P1 imagery, but for the occasionally distributed K. candel and the pioneer and fringe mangrove A. marina, S2 performs poorly. Concerning L8, S2, and P1, there are eight (8/126), nine (9/218), and eight (8/73) features, respectively, that are the most important for mangrove species discriminations. The most important feature overall is the red-edge bands, followed by shortwave infrared, near infrared, blue, and other visible bands in turn. This study demonstrates that the S2 sensor can accurately map mangrove extent and basically discriminate mangrove species communities, but for the latter, one should be cautious due to the complexity of mangrove species.

scholarly journals Can Strict Protection Stop the Decline of Mangrove Ecosystems in China? From Rapid Destruction to Rampant Degradation

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenqing Wang ◽  
Haifeng Fu ◽  
Shing Yip Lee ◽  
Hangqing Fan ◽  
Mao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystem ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Bruguiera Gymnorhiza ◽  
Restoration Strategies ◽  
Mangrove Conservation

China has lost about 50% of its mangrove forests from 1950 to 2001. Since 2001, mangrove forest area has increased by 1.8% per year due to strict protection of the remaining mangrove forests and large-scale restoration. By 2019, 67% of the mangrove forests in China had been enclosed within protected areas (PAs). In terms of the proportion of PAs of mangrove forests, China has achieved the conservation target of “Nature Needs Half”. The ongoing degradation of mangrove forests was assessed at the species, population, community and ecosystem levels. The results show that despite the strict protection, the remaining mangrove forests are suffering extensive degradation due to widespread anthropogenic disturbance. Of the 26 mangrove species, 50% are threatened with extinction, a proportion higher than the average for all higher plants in China (10.8%). Local extinction of some common species like Bruguiera gymnorhiza is widespread. About 53% of the existing mangrove areas were dominated by low-intertidal pioneer species. Consequently, the carbon stock in vegetation has decreased by 53.1%, from 21.8 Tg C in the 1950s to 10.2 Tg C in 2019. Meanwhile, there is an estimated 10.8% concomitant decrease in the carbon sequestration rate. The root cause for this degradation in China is seawall construction because most mangroves are outside seawalls in China. Without fundamental changes in protection and restoration strategies, mangrove forests in China will continue to degrade in spite of strict protection and large-scale restoration. Future mangrove conservation effort should aim to preserve the diversity of both the biota and the ecological processes sustaining the mangrove ecosystem. A few suggestions to raise the effectiveness of mangrove conservation actions were provided.

scholarly journals Tingkat Herbivori Daun Mangrove Rhizophora stylosa dan Avicennia marina Di Desa Pasar Banggi, Rembang, Jawa Tengah

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Winda Ariesta Nur Fadilla ◽  
Nirwani Soenardjo ◽  
Wilis Ari Setyati
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Leaf Age ◽  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystem ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Nursery Ground ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Rhizophora Stylosa ◽  
Young Leaves

Hutan mangrove memiliki fungsi ekologi sebagai daerah pemijahan, daerah asuhan dan daerah mencari makan. Fauna yang tinggal di hutan mangrove akan menciptakan simbiosis antara flora dan fauna mangrove, misalnya aktivitas herbivori daun. Herbivori daun mangrove dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor seperti spesies tanaman, tinggi tanaman dan umur daun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat herbivori daun mangrove Rhizophora stylosa dan Avicennia marina berdasarkan tinggi tanaman dan umur daun pada ekosistem mangrove di Desa Pasar Banggi, Rembang, Jawa Tengah. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif. Metode pengambilan data yang digunakan adalah metode survei dan penentuan lokasi penelitian menggunakan metode purposive. Sampel daun diambil dari 2 spesies mangrove dominan pada ekosistem Desa Pasar Banggi yaitu Rhizophora stylosa dan Avicennia marina. Daun diambil dari 3 kategori tinggi tanaman yaitu <1 m, 1-< 3 m dan 3–5 m, masing-masing diambil 10 pohon sebagai ulangan. Daun diambil sebanyak 10 %, dipisahkan berdasarkan umur daun (muda dan tua) dan kondisi daun (utuh dan rusak). Sampel daun diolah menggunakan software ImageJ dan Measure Picture. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rata-rata tingkat herbivori tertinggi pada daun muda Rhizophora stylosa pada tanaman dengan tinggi 3–5 m dan tertinggi pada daun tua Rhizophora stylosa pada tanaman dengan tinggi 1–< 3 m, sedangkan  rata-rata tingkat herbivori tertinggi pada daun muda Avicennia marina pada tanaman dengan tinggi 1–< 3 m dan tertinggi pada daun tua Avicennia marina pada tanaman dengan tinggi 1–< 3 m. Mangrove forests have ecological functions a spawning ground, nursery ground and feeding ground. Fauna living in mangrove forests will create a symbiosis between mangrove flora and fauna, for example herbivory leaf activity. Herbivory of mangrove leaves is influenced by several factors such as plant species, plant height and leaf age. This study aims to determine the herbivory level of mangrove Rhizophora stylosa and Avicennia marina leaves based on plant height and leaf age in the mangrove ecosystem in Pasar Banggi Village, Rembang, Central Java. The research method used in this study was descriptive. The data collection method used in this study is the survey method and the determination of the location of the study using a purposive method. Leaf samples were taken from 2 dominant mangrove species in the Pasar Banggi Village ecosystem, Rhizophora stylosa and Avicennia marina. The leaves are taken from 3 plant height categories, namely <1 m, 1-<3 m and 3-5 m, each of which is taken as 10 replicates. The leaves are taken as much as 10%, then separated according to the age of the leaves (young or old) and the condition of the leaves (whole or damaged). Leaf samples were processed using ImageJ and Measure Picture software. The results showed the highest average herbivory level in young leaves of Rhizophora stylosa at plant height 3-5 m (10.11%) and highest on old leaves of Rhizophora stylosa at plant height 1-<3 m (10.67%), while the highest average herbivory level in Avicennia marina young leaves at plant height 1-<3 m (12.54%) and the highest on the old leaves of Avicennia marina at plant height 1-<3 m (11.73%).

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