scholarly journals The mud volcanoes at Santa Barbara and Aragona (Sicily, Italy): a contribution to risk assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3407-3419
Author(s):  
Alessandro Gattuso ◽  
Francesco Italiano ◽  
Giorgio Capasso ◽  
Antonino D'Alessandro ◽  
Fausto Grassa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Station ◽  
Clay Material ◽  
Mud Volcanoes ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Santa Barbara ◽  
Mud Volcanism ◽  
Surface Models ◽  
Eruptive Column ◽  
First Time ◽  
Potential Parameters

Abstract. The Santa Barbara and Aragona areas are affected by mud volcanism (MV) phenomena, consisting of continuous or intermittent emission of mud, water, and gases. This activity could be interrupted by paroxysmal events, with an eruptive column composed mainly of clay material, water, and gases. They are the most hazardous phenomena, and today it is impossible to define the potential parameters for modelling the phenomenon. In 2017, two digital surface models (DSMs) were performed by drone in both areas, thus allowing the mapping of the emission zones and the covered areas by the previous events. Detailed information about past paroxysms was obtained from historical sources, and, with the analysis of the 2017 DSMs, a preliminary hazard assessment was carried out for the first time at two sites. Two potentially hazardous paroxysm surfaces of 0.12 and 0.20 km2 for Santa Barbara and Aragona respectively were defined. In May 2020, at Aragona, a new paroxysm covered a surface of 8721 m2. After this, a new detailed DSM was collected with the aim to make a comparison with the 2017 one. Since 2017, a seismic station was installed in Santa Barbara. From preliminary results, both seismic events and ambient noise showed a frequency of 5–10 Hz.

scholarly journals The mud volcanoes at Santa Barbara and Aragona (Sicily, Italy): Their potential hazards for a correct risk assessment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Gattuso ◽  
Francesco Italiano ◽  
Capasso Giorgio ◽  
Antonino D'Alessandro ◽  
Fausto Grassa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Noise ◽  
Seismic Station ◽  
Clay Material ◽  
Mud Volcanoes ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Santa Barbara ◽  
Mud Volcanism ◽  
Eruptive Column ◽  
First Time ◽  
Potential Parameters

Abstract. The Santa Barbara and Aragona areas are affected by mud volcanism (MV) phenomena, consisting of continuous or intermittent emission of mud, water and gases. This activity could be interrupted by paroxysmal events, with an eruptive column composed mainly of clay material, water and gases. They are the most hazardous phenomena and, nowadays, it is impossible to define the potential parameters for modeling the phenomenon. In 2017, two DSM were performed by drone in both areas, thus allowing the mapping of the emission zones and the covered areas by the previous events. Detailed information about past paroxysms was obtained from historical sources and, with the analysis of the 2017 DSMs, a preliminary hazard assessment was carried out, for the first time at two sites. Two potentially hazardous paroxysm surfaces of 0.12 km2 and 0.20 km2 for Santa Barbara and Aragona respectively, were defined. In May 2020, at Aragona, a new paroxysm covered a surface of 8,721 m2. After this, a new detailed DSM was collected with the aim to make a comparison with 2017 one. Since 2017, a seismic station was installed at Santa Barbara. From preliminary results, both seismic events and ambient noise showed a frequency of 5–10 Hz.

Characterization of Archaeal and Bacterial Communities Thriving in Methane-seeping on-land Mud Volcanoes, Niigata, Japan.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nori Miyake ◽  
Ryo Ishimaru ◽  
Goro Komatsu ◽  
Takafumi Matsui
Keyword(s):  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Mud Volcanoes ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Marine Strata ◽  
Mud Volcanism ◽  
Rrna Sequencing ◽  
Anaerobic Methanotrophs ◽  
Reducing Bacteria ◽  
First Time

Abstract Submarine mud volcanoes (MVs) have attracted significant interest in the scientific community for obtaining clues on the subsurface biosphere. On-land MVs, which are much less focused in this context, are equally important and they may provide insights also for astrobiology of extraterrestrial mud volcanism. Hereby, we characterized microbial communities of the two active methane-seeping on-land MVs, Murono and Kamou, in central Japan. Metataxonomic 16S rRNA sequencing analysis of those sites recovered the dominant archaeal taxa affiliated with methanogens. Anaerobic methanotrophs (ANME), with the subgroups ANME-1b and ANME-3, were also recovered from the Murono site albeit a greatly reduced abundance compared to typical submarine MVs. ANME-3 was in fact identified for the first time for land-based MVs. The bacterial sequences affiliated to Atribacteria, sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), and Fe(III)-reducing bacteria were recovered. SRB and ANME form a syntrophic consortium, which is often found at the sulfate-methane transition zone of submarine MVs where diffused sulfate (SO42-) is constantly enriched from the ocean. Previous investigations speculate that the erupted materials from Murono are originated from the Miocene marine strata, and we hypothesize that the old sea-related juvenile water is the source of additional sulfur-related components for the SRB-ANME consortium at Murono.

scholarly journals Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Psychology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Vaidis ◽  
Alexandre Bran
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Dissonance ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
General Psychology ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Cognitive Dissonance Theory ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Very Large Array ◽  
Dissonance Theory ◽  
First Time

Appearing for the first time in the mid-20th century, the term “cognitive dissonance” appears nowadays about eight hundred times in PsycINFO and the original book has been cited more than forty-five thousand times in scientific publications: that is more than twice a day for about sixty years. The theory of cognitive dissonance was molded by Leon Festinger at the beginning of the 1950s. It suggests that inconsistencies among cognitions (i.e., knowledge, opinion, or belief about the environment, oneself, or one’s behavior) generate an uncomfortable motivating feeling (i.e., the cognitive dissonance state). According to the theory, people feel uncomfortable when they experience cognitive dissonance and thus are motivated to retrieve an acceptable state. The magnitude of existing dissonance depends on the importance of the involved cognitions. Experiencing a higher level of dissonance causes pressure and motivation to reduce the dissonance. Findings from several studies show that dissonance occurs when people do not act in accordance with their attitude (e.g., writing supportive arguments in favor of a topic that they do not agree upon; performing a task they disapprove). Festinger 1957 (cited under Core Historical Sources) considers three ways to cope with cognitive dissonance: (a) changing one or several involved elements in the dissonance relationship (e.g., moving an opinion to fit a behavior), (b) adding new elements to reduce the inconsistency (e.g., adopting opinions that fit a behavior), and (c) reducing the importance of the involved elements. Early theorists in this field suggested improvement to the cognitive dissonance theory by adding restrictions for the emergence of the phenomena. Three major developments have to be considered: the commitment purpose and freedom, the consequence of the act purpose, and the self-involvement. Since the 2010s, the theory has been refined with new integrative models and methodological breakthrough. Mostly studied in human beings, several studies shift paradigms to other animals such as nonhuman primates, rats, and birds. The cognitive dissonance theory has been applied to a very large array of social situations and leads to original experimental designs. It is arguably one of the most influential theories in social psychology, general psychology, and cross-discipline sciences more generally.

scholarly journals Radon Gas in the City of Alicante. High Risk of Low Indoor Air Quality in Poorly Ventilated Buildings

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (23) ◽  
pp. 8762
Author(s):  
Carlos Rizo-Maestre ◽  
Víctor Echarri-Iribarren
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Santa Barbara ◽  
Buried Structures ◽  
Gaseous State ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Radon Gas ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Measurement Location ◽  
First Time ◽  
The City

In December 2019, Spain considered for the first time the presence of radon to the Technical Building Code (Basic Document HS 6: Radon Exposure Protection), although it only mentions minimum presences and the need for ventilation. This research shows that in buried structures or in places with little ventilation, even in soils with a low probability of granite, a high content of radon gas can be found. The city of Alicante has been used as a measurement location for different architectural sites; here, the level of 100 Bq/m3 is the first threshold where the gas must be monitored, and the level of 300 Bq/m3 is the maximum threshold above which corrective ventilation measures must be taken. The research conducted during the years 2015 and 2016 shows that it is necessary to account for also the areas considered to be “low presence of radon gas” to achieve healthy constructions. The renewal of air in the different places will be tested for the presence of radon, i.e., the greater the accumulation is, the less ventilation and the greater the risk of accumulation of radon gas. This study is located in the city of Alicante, where the seven civil constructions are located: two Civil War shelters, the Santa Barbara Castle, the Ereta Powder Keg, the Luceros-Marq and Serra Grossa railway tunnels and the Británica underground deposits. Radon gas is currently a concern for major health and medical agencies because it is considered to be a chemical element that is very harmful to people. The World Health Organization is one of the organisations that has the objective of studying and researching this element, to develop solutions. Radon gas is normally found in a gaseous state and is highly radioactive. It is present in many terrains and it is mostly found in those with granite; although the presence of this element is very low, there is always a minimum presence. In the past, in nongranite soils, the dose of radon was considered to be so low that it was insignificant. Therefore, in this research, the aim is to consider the high presence of radon gas in nongranite soils as long as the conditions for its accumulation are present.

The 2019 eruptive phase of Stromboli volcano through multiparametric geophysical observations.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Orazi ◽  
Flora Giudicepietro ◽  
Carmen López ◽  
Giovanni Macedonio ◽  
Salvatore Alparone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pyroclastic Flow ◽  
Seismic Station ◽  
Volcanic Tremor ◽  
Summit Crater ◽  
Seismic Signal ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Effusive Activity ◽  
Eruptive Column ◽  
Borehole Strainmeter ◽  
Sciara Del Fuoco

<p>In summer 2019, two paroxysmal explosions occurred in Stromboli. The first one occurred on July 3, when the Strombolian ordinary eruptive activity did not show a significant intensification. The explosion formed an eruptive column more than 3 km high. A pyroclastic flow ran down the “Sciara del Fuoco” slope causing a victim and some injuries. Moreover, the pyroclastic flow spread over the sea surface for about one kilometer. On August 28, a second paroxysmal explosion occurred, similar to the previous one. Also in this case the eruption formed an eruptive column of more than 3 km and a pyroclastic flow that expanded along the “Sciara del Fuoco” slope and traveled about 1 km on the sea surface. In the period between the two paroxysms, effusive activity occurred from the summit crater area. The eruptive phase of summer 2019, which began with the paroxysm of 3 July, was not preceded by significant changes in the routinely monitored parameters, such as the hourly frequency (daily average) of the VLP events (typical of Stromboli) and the amplitude of the seismic signal (RSAM). For this reason, we have analyzed the seismic and dilatometric data, which were recorded by the INGV geophysical network in the period November 2018 - September 2019, focusing our attention on other parameters that can give indications on the activity state of the volcano. In particular, we analyzed the data of the broadband seismic stations, equipped with the Guralp CMG40T sensors, and the data of one Sacks-Evertson borehole strainmeter. We defined the "VLP size", which takes into account the waveform of the VLP events, in terms of both amplitude and duration. We also applied time varying Fractal Dimension (FD) analysis to the seismograms of a seismic station close to the crater area and we analyzed the polarization of the same signal. We carried out the polarization analysis both without applying a filter and by filtering the seismic signal in the typical frequency bands of the Stromboli volcanic tremor (1-3 Hz) and of the VLPs (0.5-0.05 Hz). We found that the "VLP size", the FD and the polarization parameters showed significant changes about one month before the paroxysm of July 3. In the short term, we applied an appropriately tuned STA/LTA algorithm to the data of the borehole strainmeter, which is installed on the island at about 2km from the craters, and we obtained an automatic detection of the paroxysmal events 10 and 7.5 minutes before the explosion of July 3 and August 28, respectively.</p>

scholarly journals Additions to the Tanaidomorpha (Crustacea: Tanaidacea) from mud volcanoes and coral mounds of the Gulf of Cadiz and Horseshoe Continental Rise

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4377 (4) ◽  
pp. 517
Author(s):  
PATRICIA ESQUETE ◽  
MARINA R. CUNHA
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Shallow Waters ◽  
Mud Volcanoes ◽  
Gulf Of Cadiz ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Continental Rise ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Gulf Of Cádiz ◽  
First Time

The Tanaidacea collection from various research cruises carried out in the Gulf of Cadiz and Horseshoe Continental Rise between 2004 and 2012 yielded four species new to science that are described herein. Two belong to genera recorded for the first time since the original descriptions of their type species: Cetiopyge, described from the Gulf of Mexico and Gamboa from shallow waters of Macaronesia. The other two belong to the genera Collettea and Paragathotanais, both with a worldwide distribution. Additionally, specimens of Tumidochelia uncinata are described and illustrated to complete previous descriptions. Identification keys to all known genera of Nototanaidae, and the Eastern Atlantic species of Paragathotanais and Collettea are provided. This works raises the number of tanaidacean species known from the deep-sea habitats in the study region to a total of 22. 

scholarly journals Hidden, Unwanted or Simply Forgotten? A Bioarchaeological Profile of the Subačius Street 41 Population

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 116-138
Author(s):  
Justina Kozakaitė ◽  
Žydrūnė Miliauskienė
Keyword(s):  
17Th Century ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Burial Site ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
The People ◽  
Anthropological Research ◽  
First Time ◽  
The City ◽  
Source Of Information

In 2014–2015, an unknown 16th–17th-century cemetery was discovered at the Subačius Street 41 plot in Vilnius. The uncovered human remains are considered to be one of the most abundant and best-preserved anthropological material in the territory of present-day Vilnius. Paradoxically, historical sources do not mention this burial site, although the abundance of the interred individuals does not imply an accidental burial, but perhaps a functioning cemetery for some time. In such exceptional cases, the only source of information is the synthesis of archaeological and anthropological research data.This article presents preliminary results and a brief overview of bioarchaeological (demographic, paleopathological, and dental research, height reconstruction) investigation. A total of 151 individuals were studied, with almost half (45%) of them consisting of children. Almost 60% of the individuals had one or more pathological lesions. The average height of male individuals was estimated 168.2 cm, the average height of females was 157.8 cm. The aim of this study can be defined as twofold: an attempt to identify the people buried outside the city walls and systematize for the first time the bioarchaeological data of one-out-of-many Vilnius populations. Currently, the Subačius Street 41 population does not resemble a typical urban community, so the study itself is the first attempt to reveal the osteobiography of these 16th–17th century Vilnius residents.

scholarly journals 121 год назад: к истории первого набора студентов в Восточный Институт во Владивостоке

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 99-111
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Educational Institution ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Far East ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
The Past ◽  
Oriental Studies ◽  
Far Eastern ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Russian Far East

Впервые для публикации предложены документы, раскрывающие некоторые вопросы набора студентов и слушателей в Восточный институт во Владивостоке в 1899 г. Авторы приводят самые первые правила приёма в востоковедческий вуз, выявленные на страницах «Правительственного вестника» (г. Санкт-Петербург). Два других уникальных исторических источника – рукописные, извлечены из фондов Государственного архива Приморского края. Они представляют несомненную ценность для всех, кто интересуется становлением высшего образования на российском Дальнем Востоке, историческими корнями Дальневосточного федерального университета. Предлагаемые читателям материалы позволяют увидеть, оценить и сопоставить, как проходил набор студентов в прошлом и настоящем. For the first time, the documents revealing some issues of recruiting students and trainees to the Oriental Institute in Vladivostok back in 1899 are offered for publication. The authors cite the very first rules of admission to the higher educational institution for oriental studies. They were identified on the pages of the “Pravitel’stvennyi Vestnik” (Government Gazette) (St. Petersburg). Two other unique historical sources are handwritten, and were retrieved from the funds of the State archive of Primorskiy Krai. They are of great value for anyone who is interested in the development of higher education in the Russian Far East and the historical roots of the Far Eastern Federal University. The materials allow readers to see, evaluate and compare how the recruitment of students took place in the past and present.

scholarly journals A. Blok’s Marginalia on the Albigensian Crusade as an Indication of the Historical Sources of “Notes” in the Drama “The Rose and the Cross”

2021 ◽  
pp. 114-134
Author(s):  
A.L. Rychkov
Keyword(s):  
Historical Sources ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cross ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Rose

This article considers the problem of the historical sources reflected in Blok’s drama “The Rose and the Cross”. It demonstrates that Blok’s marginalia in the books of his library serve as an indication of the unknown literary and historical sources of the “Notes” on the Albigensian crusade in the drama “The Rose and the Cross”, and can also be used in interpreting the symbolism of this drama. The marginal notes on the history of the Albigensian crusade that Blok made while working on the play are drawn on as a scholarly source for the first time. In the Appendice to the article facsimiles of Blok’s notes on the Albigensian crusade are published for the first time, accompanied by commentaries and a concordance.

scholarly journals GENETIC MODEL OF MUD VOLCANISM OF THE KERCH PENINSULA (SCIENTIFIC AND APPLIED ASPECTS)

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-74
Author(s):  
V.A. Nesterovskyi ◽  
N.O. Hryshchanko ◽  
M.A. Deiak
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Model ◽  
Thick Layer ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Ore Deposits ◽  
Geological History ◽  
Mud Volcanoes ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Kerch Peninsula ◽  
Mud Volcanism ◽  
History Of

The work is devoted to the results of many years of research and observations of mud volcanoes on the Kerch Peninsula. It aims to reveal the most important factors and aspects related to their origin, activity and impact on the geological history of the region. About 50 fossil and modern mud volcanoes have been defined on the Kerch Peninsula and the adjacent part of the water area. Their activity is consistent with the phases of activation of the alpine tectogenesis of the Crimean-Caucasian segment and is intermittent and impulsive. In the geological history of the peninsula, four main bursts of mud volcanic activity are clearly recorded: in the Upper Maikop, Chokrak-Karagan, Sarmatian and Cimmerian. Its greatest activity is manifested in the late Miocene and early Pliocene. Favorable factors for the development of mud volcanoes within the peninsula are the presence of a thick layer of plastic clays enriched in water and gas fluids, the widespread development of brachyanticlinal folds in the Neogene structural surface and a network of deep faults and fractures. The activity of mud volcanoes is associated with the formation of specific compensation structures – depressed synclines, which have become widespread on the Kerch Peninsula. The latter, depending on the paleogeographic conditions (sea, land) and the structural position of volcanoes in the anticlines, have acquired different specifics of structure and filling. Some depressed synclines are associated with iron ore deposits, which differ from typical iron ores of the mulde type by significant capacity, structural and textural features and material composition. Components of hydrothermal and exogenous origin have been defined in the products of mud volcanism: mud gases, mud waters, mud breccias, which indicates the genetic connection of this phenomenon with deep and near-surface processes. In addition, liquid, solid and gaseous hydrocarbons are often detected in volcanic eruptions. The latter are a criterion for searching for oil and gas at depth. Mud volcanoes of the Kerch Peninsula are a unique testing ground for monitoring the processes of modern mineral formation, the dynamics of deep processes and seismic activity in the region.

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