scholarly journals Study of Intertemporal Discounting According to Age Groups

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-139
Author(s):  
Jiri Rotschedl ◽  
Jiri Rotschedl
Keyword(s):  
Discount Rate ◽  
Large Reward ◽  
Small Reward ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Aging Population ◽  
Time Discounting ◽  
Impulsive Behaviour ◽  
Delayed Reward ◽  
Intertemporal Discounting ◽  
Basic Hypothesis

The paper focuses on the topic of intertemporal discounting of individuals according to age groups. Using the sample of examined individuals, it aims to verify the hypothesis that the patience of individuals decreases with their increasing age. The study included a total of 599 individuals with an average age of 38.3 years (min. 16 and max. 82 years) who answered classical questions focused on time discounting and impulsive behaviour. In total, four possible scenarios were analysed: a small reward (CZK 100) with a delay of 1 day, a small reward with a delay of 1 month, a large reward (CZK 100,000) with a delay of 1 day and a large reward with a delay of 1 month. The delayed reward was always increased by 10% (i.e., CZK 110 or CZK 110,000). The basic hypothesis was that with increasing age, the subjective discount rate increases i.e., patience decreases. The above-mentioned 4 scenarios were evaluated for the hypotheses, while only three of the four scenarios were confirmed for all hypotheses. The results in the examined individuals suggest that with increasing age, there is a decrease in patience and at the same time a decrease in impulsive behaviour. These findings may have an overlap in consumption or savings in relation to the aging population.

scholarly journals Conquering the inner couch potato: precommitment is an effective strategy to enhance motivation for effortful actions

2018 ◽  
Vol 374 (1766) ◽  
pp. 20180131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bettina Studer ◽  
Carolin Koch ◽  
Stefan Knecht ◽  
Tobias Kalenscher
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Small Reward ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Choice Behaviour ◽  
Impulsive Behaviour ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Regulatory Measure

Letting effort-free gratification derail us from effort-requiring goals is one reason why we fail to realize health-relevant intentions like ‘exercise regularly’. We tested the effectiveness of the self-control strategy precommitment in such effort-related conflicts, using a novel laboratory choice paradigm, where participants could precommit to an effort-requiring large reward by pre-eliminating an effort-free small reward from their choice set. Our participants used precommitment frequently and effectively, such that they reached effort-requiring large rewards more often. Using computational modelling and Bayesian model comparisons, we assessed whether participants employed precommitment to avoid anticipated willpower failures (i.e. as a self-regulatory measure) or to maximize their motivation to choose the effort-requiring option (i.e. as a self-motivational measure). Observed choices and precommitment decisions were consistent with the motivation maximization hypothesis, but not the willpower hypothesis. Our findings show that offering precommitment is effective in helping individuals optimize their motivation and choice behaviour and thereby achieve effort-requiring goals, and strongly encourage application of precommitment schemes in exercise and rehabilitation interventions. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Risk taking and impulsive behaviour: fundamental discoveries, theoretical perspectives and clinical implications’.

Magnitude of Immediate Reward in Partially Delayed Reward: Effects on Acquisition and Extinction

1970 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 495-500
Author(s):  
Patrick E. Campbell ◽  
George M. Batsch ◽  
Kim McNabb ◽  
Stephen B. Knouse
Keyword(s):  
Small Reward ◽  
Reward Schedule ◽  
Resistance To Extinction ◽  
Statistical Reliability ◽  
Delayed Reward ◽  
Reward Effects

30 rats were trained in a runway for 16 days at 5 trials a day. During acquisition (10 days) Ss were trained on an irregular 50% partially delayed reward schedule. The duration of delay was 30 sec. and 2 pellets of reward were given on all delayed trials. The magnitude of immediate reward was varied over three levels (2, 10, 24 pellets) as a between-groups factor. Although the larger rewards developed somewhat faster acquisition speeds than the small reward the results did not reach statistical reliability. During extinction, however, the larger magnitudes of reward significantly increased resistance to extinction. These results were discussed in terms of aftereffects, frustration, and dissonance theories of extinction.

Preference for Delayed Reward as a Function of Age and Personality

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 805-808 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Lang ◽  
J. G. Adair
Keyword(s):  
Individual Difference ◽  
Small Reward ◽  
Individual Difference Variables ◽  
Delayed Reward

A greater proportion of children as young as 5 yr. of age preferred a delayed-large as opposed to an immediate-small reward. In addition, decision latencies of Ss preferring immediate reward were significantly shorter than of those who chose delayed reward. These results support the hypothesis that age as a determinant of preference for delayed reward is confounded with a number of other variables such as reward values and duration of delay intervals and that other individual difference variables may also be associated with preferences.

scholarly journals Age and Gender Influences on Consumer Behavior Towards Online Discounts

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 5202-5211
Keyword(s):  
Discount Rate ◽  
Web Sites ◽  
Online Shopping ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Shopping Behavior ◽  
North India ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Online Shoppers ◽  
And Gender

Online shopping is one of the most popular activities that take place on internet. It has expanded considerably in the past few years, but still not reached to its full potential. Internet has created new opportunities for organizations to effectively reach out to existing and potential customers. Web sites enable customers to conveniently search, compare and buy products and services online. Click and mortar stores use various types of online promotional tools like discounts for customer attraction and retention. Various studies have been directed towards influence of gender and age on online shopping behavior of consumers, but limited study has been carried out precisely towards online discounts. The aim of the study is to examine the influence of age and gender on factors –website characteristics and convenience- considered during purchase of online discounted products. This research study was conducted among the online shoppers, who purchase online discounted products, in four prominent districts of North India. Data collected from 311 online buyers, who purchase online products available at a discount rate, was used for the study. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 16.0). The factors were extracted by using exploratory factor analysis with principal axis factoring and varimax rotation. Reliability (Cronbach’s alpha) and validity were established for the scale used in the study. ANOVA was used to analyze the influence of age and gender on factors considered while purchasing online products available at a discount rate. The findings indicate that influence of males and females varies on the factors- website characteristics and convenience- considered while purchasing online products available at a discount rate, but there is no influence of different age groups. These findings can help online marketers to formulate strategies to attract the online shoppers based on age and gender

scholarly journals Reading Comprehension Abilities in the Anglophone Aging Population with Post-Secondary Education

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Dominique Bérubé ◽  
Sophie Laurence
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Health Literacy ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Situation Model ◽  
Aging Population ◽  
Literacy Skills ◽  
Functional Health ◽  
Surface Model

Literacy skills such as reading comprehension are essential in order to understand written information and complete daily tasks. Low literacy skills are common in the aging population thus affecting quality of life, independence and social integration. Reading comprehension is a complex activity that requires processing at many different levels. According to Kintsch’s construction-integration model, three levels of representations of a text must be achieved in order to fully comprehend a text. Previous studies often considered the aging population as a single group and compared this group to young adults. However, few studies examined the variability in reading comprehension abilities within the aging population. Studies examining the variability in the construction of a situation model in older adults are even more scarce. The main objective of this study is to examine the effect of age on reading comprehension abilities at the surface model, text-based model and situation model in the aging population with high education level. Participants were recruited in northern Ontario and were grouped into three age intervals (60-69 years; 70-79 years; ≥ 80 years). Participants’ cognitive functions were assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and health literacy was assessed using the Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (STOFHLA). Reading comprehension abilities were evaluated using the Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests - third edition (WRMT-III) as well as the Gray Oral Reading Test – fifth edition (GORT5). Results indicated no significant differences in performance of reading comprehension abilities among the three age groups at the surface level, text-based level, and situation model level of reading comprehension. These findings suggest no age-related effect on reading comprehension abilities in adults with high levels of education. The lack of differences observed may be explained by the absence of differences in cognitive functions between the three age groups as well as the high level of education which may have acted as a protective factor. Future studies should examine reading comprehension in Anglophone adults with lower levels of education to better understand whether education is a protective factor against a decline in reading comprehension abilities in the aging population.

scholarly journals Effects of early life and current housing on sensitivity to reward loss in a successive negative contrast test in pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Luo ◽  
I. Reimert ◽  
E. A. M. Graat ◽  
S. Smeets ◽  
B. Kemp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Large Reward ◽  
Small Reward ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Negative Contrast ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Sensitivity To Reward ◽  
Successive Negative Contrast

Abstract Animals in a negative affective state seem to be more sensitive to reward loss, i.e. an unexpected decrease in reward size. The aim of this study was to investigate whether early-life and current enriched vs. barren housing conditions affect the sensitivity to reward loss in pigs using a successive negative contrast test. Pigs (n = 64 from 32 pens) were housed in barren or enriched conditions from birth onwards, and at 7 weeks of age experienced either a switch in housing conditions (from barren to enriched or vice versa) or not. Allotting pigs to the different treatments was balanced for coping style (proactive vs. reactive). One pig per pen was trained to run for a large reward and one for a small reward. Reward loss was introduced for pigs receiving the large reward after 11 days (reward downshift), i.e. from then onwards, they received the small reward. Pigs housed in barren conditions throughout life generally had a lower probability and higher latency to get the reward than other pigs. Proactive pigs ran overall slower than reactive pigs. After the reward downshift, all pigs ran slower. Nevertheless, reward downshift increased the latency and reduced the probability to get to the reward, but only in pigs exposed to barren conditions in early life, which thus were more sensitive to reward loss than pigs from enriched early life housing. In conclusion, barren housed pigs seemed overall less motivated for the reward, and early life housing conditions had long-term effects on the sensitivity to reward loss.

scholarly journals International strategies in the face of aging population

2016 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-58
Author(s):  
Bartłomiej Drop ◽  
Marian Jędrych ◽  
Agnieszka Barańska ◽  
Ewelina Firlej ◽  
Mariola Janiszewska
Keyword(s):  
Population Aging ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Aging Population ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Health ◽  
Modern World ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Face ◽  
International Strategies

Abstract Introduction. Population aging poses many important economic, social, and health challenges to the modern world. This applies mostly to developed countries. The phenomenon requires joint action of Member States of the European Union, the World Health Organization, the United Nations, the Council of Europe as well as some unified strategies for the actions taken by these entities. Aim. The aim of this study was to demonstrate international strategies implemented in the face of demographic changes. Material and methods. The authors analyzed the documents outlining strategies for both organizations and entities, as well as recommendations for international scientific consultation on strategy of the aging population. Results. Analysis of changes happening to the oldest age groups showed the need for cooperation between countries. An overview of the strategies being taken at the moment and those that had been undertaken previously by international entities can contribute to modify the arrangements of the elderly; in order to improve the living conditions in multidimensional aspect. Conclusions. The key to achieving the desired effect through implementing the policies of individual countries is to monitor them on a regular basis.

Effect of Varied Magnitude of Reward on Runway Performance

1964 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-202
Author(s):  
Douglas L. Grimsley ◽  
Robert D. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Large Reward ◽  
Small Reward ◽  
Runway Performance ◽  
Continuous Reinforcement ◽  
Reward Group ◽  
Varied Reinforcement

Runway speed was investigated in 3 groups of water-deprived rats ( n = 14 per group) given one trial per day for 100 days. No statistically significant differences were found between Ss continuously receiving 0.8 cc (large reward group) or 0.1 cc (small reward group) of water and those given 0.8 cc and 0.1 cc (varied reward group) semirandomly. These data are not consistent with a position derived from a micromolar theory holding that continuous reinforcement training results in better performance than varied reinforcement training.

Discounting of Delayed Rewards: A Life-Span Comparison

1994 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard Green ◽  
Astrid F Fry ◽  
Joel Myerson
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Developmental Trend ◽  
Monetary Rewards ◽  
Delayed Reward ◽  
Single Function ◽  
Sensitive Parameters

In this study, children, young adults, and older adults chose between immediate and delayed hypothetical monetary rewards The amount of the delayed reward was held constant while its delay was varied All three age groups showed delay discounting, that is, the amount of an immediate reward judged to be of equal value to the delayed reward decreased as a function of delay The rate of discounting was highest for children and lowest for older adults, predicting a life-span developmental trend toward increased self-control Discounting of delayed rewards by all three age groups was well described by a single function with age-sensitive parameters (all R2s > 94) Thus, even though there are quantitative age differences in delay discounting, the existence of an age-invariant form of discount function suggests that the process of choosing between rewards of different amounts and delays is qualitatively similar across the life span

scholarly journals Interactions of Overweight, Poor Oral Health, and Stress Related to Chronic Disease in an Aging Population

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia W. Albright
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Aging Population ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Thrifty Genotype ◽  
Aging Populations

The prevalence of excess body mass (XBM), poor oral health (POH), and stress in a secluded population of aged (≥60 years) Hmong immigrants was surveyed. The findings were related to the prevalence of diabetes in the same population. Diabetes was associated separately with POH (OR 2.4; CL 1.3, 4.2) or with XBM (OR 2.5; CL 1.4, 4.8). The association of diabetes with the combination of XBM and POH was striking (OR 5.1; CL 3.4, 7.5); that apparent synergism has not been fully appreciated. We describe a mechanism that explains the synergism. The concept of “thrifty genotype” is a plausible explanation of XBM in the elderly Hmong immigrants and possibly the current older Laotian population. POH is common among elderly Laotians as it is in most developing countries. We conclude that synergism of XBM and POH significantly elevates the prevalence of diabetes among aging populations and probably other age groups as well.

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