scholarly journals Questioning the univocity ideal. The difference between socio-cognitive Terminology and traditional Terminology

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Temmerman
Keyword(s):  
Figurative Language ◽  
Life Sciences ◽  
Cognitive Semantics ◽  
Functional Linguistics ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Structuralist Approach ◽  
Prototype Structure ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Semantic Triangle

In this article we are questioning the univocity ideal of traditional Terminology. We show how traditional Terminology in line with Saussurian structuralism ignores part of the interplay between the elements of the semantic triangle. Cognitive semantics and functional linguistics have offered an alternative for the Saussurian structuralist approach. Several of their findings can be of use for the development of socio-cognitive Terminology.In the LSP of the life sciences, the structure of concepts reflects their episte-mological function. This could have consequences for the principles and methods of terminological description. While some concepts (like intron ) are clear-cut and can therefore be submitted to the principle of univocity, others (like blotting and biotech-nology) have prototype structure. For prototypically structured categories univocity can not be the aim as polysemy, synonymy and figurative language are part of their naming history.

First-Principles Theory of Polarization in Ferroelectrics

1992 ◽  
Vol 291 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Resta ◽  
M. Posternak ◽  
A. Baldereschi
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Polarization ◽  
First Principles ◽  
Ferroelectric Materials ◽  
Recent Experimental Data ◽  
Modern Theory ◽  
Rigid Core ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Prototype Structure ◽  
Effective Charges ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRACTWe outline a modern theory of the spontaneous polarization P in pyroelectric and ferroelectric materials. Although P itself isnot an observable, the difference ΔP between two crystal states can indeed be measured and calculated. We define P as the difference between the polar structure and a suitably chosen nonpolar prototype structure. We previously proposed and implemented a supercell scheme in order to evaluate P in pyroelectric BeO; here we adopt an approach recently developed by King-Smith and Vanderbilt, where ΔP is obtained from the computation of Berry's phases, with no use of supercells. We apply this novel approach, which is numerically very convenient, in order to revisit our previous work on BeO. We then perform a first-principles investigation of the spontaneous polarization P of KNbO3 in its tetragonal phase, which is a well studied perovskite ferroelectric. Our calculated P value confirms the most recent experimental data. The polarization is linear in the ferroelectric distortion; the Born effective charges show strong variations from nominal ionic values, and a large inequivalence of the 0 ions. Only the highest nine valence-band states (O 2p) contribute to P, while all the other states behave as rigid core states.

scholarly journals The Pathology of Tumours of the Urinary Tract

1939 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 1455-1467
Author(s):  
W. D. Newcomb
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Renal Pelvis ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Renal Tumours ◽  
The Difference

Attention is called to the difference between the pathologist's and the radiologist's point of view. The reasons for this difference are discussed with special emphasis on renal tumours. Classification of renal tumours. The first main groups are innocent and malignant. Are these really clear-cut or do they blend into one another? The commoner innocent renal tumours are adenoma, fibroma, myoma, lipoma, and angioma. These are rarely of any clinical importance but adenoma is a possible source of hypernephroma. Many elaborate classifications of cancer of the kidney have been proposed but the following four groups are sufficient for most puposes: Carcinoma, hypernephroma, sarcoma, and teratoid tumours. Much the commonest malignant renal tumour in adults is the hypernephroma, thought by Grawitz and others to be derived from ectopic adrenal rests. There is still no agreement concerning their origin but three views are held at the present time: ( a) All are carcinoma of renal tubules. ( b) Some are derived from renal tubules and some from ectopic adrenal. ( c) All are formed from adrenal tissue. These views are discussed with special reference to material in St. Mary's Hospital Museum, and it is suggested that the first view is the most probable although the second cannot be excluded. The teratoid tumours are the commonest in infants and swine. The differences between them and hypernephromata are described. The renal Pelvis, ureter, and bladder all have tumours of the same type and can conveniently be considered together. Connective tissue tumours, both innocent and malignant, are very rare. Papilloma and carcinoma are rare in the pelvis and ureter, but commoner in the bladder. The relation between these two tumours is discussed.

scholarly journals Comparing quality of reporting between preprints and peer-reviewed articles in the biomedical literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Clarissa F. D. Carneiro ◽  
Victor G. S. Queiroz ◽  
Thiago C. Moulin ◽  
Carlos A. M. Carvalho ◽  
Clarissa B. Haas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Lag ◽  
Life Sciences ◽  
Biomedical Literature ◽  
Quality Of Reporting ◽  
Journal Publication ◽  
Similar Range ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Completeness Of Reporting

Abstract Background Preprint usage is growing rapidly in the life sciences; however, questions remain on the relative quality of preprints when compared to published articles. An objective dimension of quality that is readily measurable is completeness of reporting, as transparency can improve the reader’s ability to independently interpret data and reproduce findings. Methods In this observational study, we initially compared independent samples of articles published in bioRxiv and in PubMed-indexed journals in 2016 using a quality of reporting questionnaire. After that, we performed paired comparisons between preprints from bioRxiv to their own peer-reviewed versions in journals. Results Peer-reviewed articles had, on average, higher quality of reporting than preprints, although the difference was small, with absolute differences of 5.0% [95% CI 1.4, 8.6] and 4.7% [95% CI 2.4, 7.0] of reported items in the independent samples and paired sample comparison, respectively. There were larger differences favoring peer-reviewed articles in subjective ratings of how clearly titles and abstracts presented the main findings and how easy it was to locate relevant reporting information. Changes in reporting from preprints to peer-reviewed versions did not correlate with the impact factor of the publication venue or with the time lag from bioRxiv to journal publication. Conclusions Our results suggest that, on average, publication in a peer-reviewed journal is associated with improvement in quality of reporting. They also show that quality of reporting in preprints in the life sciences is within a similar range as that of peer-reviewed articles, albeit slightly lower on average, supporting the idea that preprints should be considered valid scientific contributions.

Who will save my planet? by M. C. Urrutia

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandy Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fires ◽  
Publishing House ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
University Of Alberta ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Canadian Market ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
The University

Urrutia, Maria. Who will save my planet? Toronto: Tundra Books, 2012.  Print.This volume appears to be a republication of a 2007 imprint from the author’s own publishing house, Tecolate Books, in Mexico.  Although Tundra recognizes support from the Canada Council for the Arts, there appears to be no specific Canadian content in this book.  There is no text and the images are the work of several different photographers.  Urrutia’s contribution to the work appears to be the title and the selection and pairing of the images. The book is designed for children ages 7+ and consists of 14 pairs of unadorned, borderless photographs. Each spread of two images shows something environmentally negative on the left and a corresponding positive image on the right.  However, without text, the viewer is left to draw their own conclusions about what message is intended. Many of the images have several potential interpretations, particularly for viewers coming from a different environment. For example, the opening pair of images shows fire in the canopy of a tropical forest, presumably implying that people are burning the forest. However in Canada, lightning is naturally one of the primary causes of forest fires which is a natural part of the forest’s life cycle.   In the second set of images, someone is cutting down a tree, but it is the only one being felled.  The rest of the forest appears to be undisturbed.  An image of a clear-cut would have conveyed a much more obvious message.  The second last pair show garbage strewn along a path and the images are a garbage can overflowing with garbage, with a plastic water bottle prominently placed on top.  Bottled water is one of the least environmentally friendly things on the planet.  Is the message that producing huge volumes of unnecessary garbage is fine as long as you put it in the garbage can? Many of the images are high quality.  An image of a seal with the rope embedded in the flesh around its shoulders is particularly effective.  However, the selection and combination of images, as a whole, reminds me of posters at a fourth grade science fair.  The difference is that the fourth graders usually add captions and introductory paragraphs so that their messages are clear. While environmental damage anywhere is important, this book would have been more effective for the Canadian market had it incorporated images of environmental problems found in the Canadian environment. Recommended with reservation:  2 stars out of 4 Reviewer:  Sandy CampbellSandy is a Health Sciences Librarian at the University of Alberta, who has written hundreds of book reviews across many disciplines.  Sandy thinks that sharing books with children is one of the greatest gifts anyone can give. 

Medicine Reading Literature: the Paradigm of Degeneration

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
Lena Arampatzidou
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Figurative Language ◽  
Life Sciences ◽  
The Body ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
German Physician ◽  
Natural Life

This article is part of a larger project on the interaction between Natural/Life Sciences and Literature, and is a first attempt to scout the area through concentrating onDegeneration, a book that sees Literature through the eyes of Medicine. Max Nordau, the author of the book, was a turn-of-the-twentieth-century German physician who read contemporary movements in Art and Literature as Disease. He was an adversary of pre-modernist and modernist movements such as aestheticism, decadence, impressionism, and so on, and failed to recognize their avant-garde character. The article examines how Nordau reads certain features of literary texts and works of art which he cannot understand as symptoms of the malfunctioning of the nervous system of the painters and writers concerned. Moving from the body of the text to the body of the artist, Nordau reads particular artistic features as signs of bodily disease of the artists, and he does so by opposing the rationalist discourse of Medicine to the figurative language of Literature.

scholarly journals Analytic Causative Constructions in English

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (1-2 (2)) ◽  
pp. 6-11
Author(s):  
Yelena Mkhitaryan ◽  
Sophie Sarkissyan
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Semantics ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Functional Linguistics ◽  
Causative Constructions ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Causative Verbs

The article examines English analytical causative constructions in the light of cognitive semantics and functional linguistics which makes it possible to identify six syntactic patterns. Each pattern includes two predicates – the first is usually expressed by a causative verb, the second – by different parts of speech or different verb forms (Infinitive, Participle I, Participle II, Gerund, Adjective, Noun). As for the participants of the action (the CAUSER and the CAUSEE), they are the nominal elements of the pattern and are presented by animate or inanimate nouns. This fact is determined by the type of the pattern and the nature of the causative verb involved. The analysis suggests that apart from paradigmatic causative verbs, these patterns can also include verbs that prototypically do not belong to causative verbs in English.

scholarly journals The Problem of the Relationship between Apperception, Self-Consciousness and Consciousness in Kant’s Critical Philosophy

2020 ◽  
pp. 24-53
Author(s):  
I. E. Andriianov
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
Synthetic Activity ◽  
Pure Reason ◽  
Critique Of Pure Reason ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Prime Task ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

Kant does not provide clear-cut definitions of apperception, consciousness, and self-consciousness and everywhere uses these terms as synonyms, which creates the problem of the relationship between these faculties. The importance of this problem stems from the colossal significance of each of the above-mentioned faculties which are intimately connected with Kant’s formulation of the key tasks of transcendental philosophy. The prime task is to discover the categories of understanding and to prove the legitimacy of their use, a task that is further complicated by the difference between the editions of the Critique of Pure Reason in terms of the argumentation in the section on the deduction of categories and Kant’s concept of apperception. Accordingly, the author seeks to clarify the purpose of each of the above-mentioned faculties and to establish their inter-relationship. To this end the author analyses the functional roles of consciousness, self-consciousness and apperception in solving the main tasks of the first Critique. It turns out that consciousness is a reflexive cognitive capacity which provides access to representations in our soul and allows us to distinguish them and to connect them. Self-consciousness is the mode of the functioning of consciousness which makes it possible to study three objects of consciousness: internal and external representations of the subject, the synthetic activity of understanding and our soul. Apperception is the Latin synonym of the concept of Selbstbewußtsein and is aimed at studying the unity of our representations. Because Kant distinguishes multiple kinds of unity, there are different names for apperception. Kant uses the concept of Apperzeption as a synonym of self-consciousness because his concept of consciousness follows the Leibniz-Wolffian tradition.

scholarly journals The iconic representation of metaphor. An event-related potentials (ERPs) analysis of figurative language

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michela Balconi ◽  
Serafino Tutino
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Cognitive Complexity ◽  
Figurative Language ◽  
Sentence Comprehension ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Direct Access ◽  
Iconic Representation ◽  
Content Variable ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
The Difference

The aim of the study is to explore the iconic representation of frozen metaphor. Starting from the dichotomy between the pragmatic models, for which metaphor is a semantic anomaly, and the direct access models, where metaphor is seen as similar to literal language, the cognitive and linguistic processes involved in metaphor comprehension are analyzed using behavioural data (RTs) and neuropsychological indexes (ERPs). 36 subjects listened to 160 sentences equally shared in the variables content (metaphorical vs literal) and congruousness (anomalous vs not semantically anomalous). The ERPs analysis showed two negative deflections (N3-N4 complex), that indicated different cognitive processes involved in sentence comprehension. Repeated measures ANOVA, applied to peak amplitude and latency variables, suggested in fact N4 as index of semantic anomaly (incongruous stimuli), more localized in posterior (Pz) area, while N3 was sensitive to the content variable: metaphor sentences had an ampler deflection than literal ones and posteriorly distributed (Oz). Adding this results with behavioral data (no differences for metaphor vs literal), it seems that the difference between metaphorical and literal decoding isn’t for the cognitive complexity of decoding (direct or indirect access), but for its representation format, which is more iconic for metaphor (as N3 suggests).

scholarly journals The Difference Between Modal Verbs in Deontic and Epistemic Modality

Humaniora ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Menik Winiharti
Keyword(s):  
Language Teachers ◽  
Epistemic Modality ◽  
Modal Verbs ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Modal Verb ◽  
Deontic Modality ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Single Proposition

Modality is always interesting to discuss. Understanding it is crucial for both language teachers and learners. This essay discusses the concept of modality, its types and uses. It has a goal to find the difference between deontic and epistemic modality that is indicated by their modal verbs. It also provides the readers a better understanding of modality, particularly of its types and uses. The result of the analysis shows that in general, deontic modality indicates obligation and permission, while epistemic modality expresses possibility and prediction. However, the difference between deontic and epistemic modality is not a clear cut, since one single modal verb can express both types, and one single proposition can be expressed by more than one modal verb.  

scholarly journals Seuren/Rullmann ambiguities as plural comparisons

2015 ◽  
pp. 428
Author(s):  
Sigrid Beck
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Basis ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Data Points ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Plural Predication ◽  
Questionnaire Studies

This paper reexamines ambiguous comparatives of a kind made famous in Rullmann's (1995) dissertation, e.g. The helicopter was flying less high than a plane can fly. There is some disagreement in the semantic literature regarding whether the ambiguity is limited to less or also shows up in more-comparatives. Accordingly, the analyses suggested differ substantially, ranging from structural to pragmatic. My primary goal is to provide a more solid empirical basis for building semantic theories of the phenomenon. I report the results from a series of questionnaire studies that show (i) that the difference between more- and less-comparatives is not clear cut, and (ii) that we need to make more fine-grained distinctions among less-comparatives. I propose an analysis in terms of plural predication that captures the major effects found in the studies, and I begin to approach the more subtle data points.

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