scholarly journals Effects of Continuous Pollution by Pharmaceutical Micropollutants on the Fouling of a Membrane Bioreactor Treating Domestic Wastewater

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56
Author(s):  
Chengcheng Li ◽  
Christelle Guigui ◽  
Corinne Cabassud
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Transmembrane Pressure ◽  
Domestic Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Anti Epileptic Drug ◽  
Microbial Products

Membrane bioreactors (MBR) are increasingly used for domestic wastewater treatment and reuse and great concerns have been raised in the last decade about some emerging trace pollutants found in aquatic environment, notably pharmaceutical products. As a consequence, the removal of pharmaceutical micropollutants by MBRs has been extensively investigated but there is still a lack of knowledge on the effects of the current presence of pharmaceutical micropollutants in domestic wastewaters on MBR fouling. Among the different pharmaceuticals, it was decided to focus on carbamazepine (CBZ), an anti-epileptic drug, because of its occurrence in domestic wastewaters and persistence in biological processes including MBRs. The chemical analysis of soluble microbial products (SMPs) in the supernatant showed that a continuous introduction of CBZ into a submerged MBR via the feed (about 90 µg/L CBZ in the feed) led to a significant increase in the concentration of proteins whereas no significant change was found for polysaccharides. Size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-SEC) analysis showed that the addition of CBZ induced a significant increase of 10-100 kDa proteins in the supernatant and a slight decrease of 100-1000 kDa proteins. After addition of CBZ a significant increase of transmembrane pressure (TMP) in the MBR was observed, which indicates that the increase of the quantity of 10-100 kDa proteins led to a more severe fouling caused by internal fouling in the biocake that was formed on MBR membrane surface. This study also suggests that 10-100 kDa proteins might play a major role in the TMP jump phenomenon. Moreover it was found that addition of CBZ to the MBR affected the biological activities, as a slight inhibition of the exogenous respiration rate was observed.

scholarly journals Optimizing the operational conditions of a membrane bioreactor used for domestic wastewater treatment

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (spe) ◽  
pp. 119-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscilla Zuconi Viana ◽  
Ronaldo Nobrega ◽  
Eduardo Pacheco Jordão ◽  
José Paulo Soares de Azevedo
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Transmembrane Pressure ◽  
Permeate Flux ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Air Supply ◽  
Aeration System ◽  
Domestic Wastewater Treatment

This study evaluated the performance of a sidestream membrane module combined with an aeration system for the treatment of municipal wastewater. To investigate the membrane's behavior and to control fouling, trials in laboratory units were conducted. In these tests, optimal values were established for some operational parameters, such as crossflow velocity, transmembrane pressure and air supply to continuously flush the membrane surface. Air supply improved the behavior of the permeate flux over time. After six hours operation, the stabilized flux was 35 L/m².h at a total pressure of 0.40 bar (wastewater pressure of 0.05 bar and air pressure of 0.35 bar) and Reynolds Number of 4,600. All permeate samples analyzed indicated absence of fecal coliform and Escherichia coli.

Pilot Plant Study on Microaerobic Self-Granulated Sludge Process (Multi-Stage Reversing Flow Bioreactor: MRB)

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (4-6) ◽  
pp. 973-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Takahashi ◽  
S. Kyosai
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Plant ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Symbiotic Interaction ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Pellet Formation ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Domestic Wastewater Treatment

A Multi-stage Reversing flow Bioreactor (MRB) was developed by the Public Works Research Institute in 1986. It utilizes the symbiotic interaction between anaerobic bacteria (sulfate reducing bacteria) and microaerobic bacteria (Beggiatoa=filamentous sulfur oxidizing bacteria) for self-granulated pellet formation. A MRB Pilot plant for domestic wastewater treatment (design capacity was 225 m3/day) was constructed in 1988. After several modifications of the initial design, stable pellet formation and high performance were achieved. This paper describes the results of the pilot plant operation.

scholarly journals Aggregate Removal Nanofiltration of Human Serum Albumin Solution Using Nanocellulose-Based Filter Paper

Biomedicines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lulu Wu ◽  
Athanasios Mantas ◽  
Simon Gustafsson ◽  
Levon Manukyan ◽  
Albert Mihranyan
Keyword(s):  
Human Serum Albumin ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Human Serum ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Transmembrane Pressure ◽  
Protein Loss ◽  
Virus Removal ◽  
Model Virus

This study is dedicated to the rapid removal of protein aggregates and viruses from plasma-derived human serum albumin (HSA) product to reduce the risk of viral contamination and increase biosafety. A two-step filtration approach was implemented to first remove HSA aggregates and then achieve high model virus clearance using a nanocellulose-based filter paper of different thicknesses, i.e., 11 μm (prefilter) and 22 μm (virus filter) at pH 7.4 and room temperature. The pore size distribution of these filters was characterized by nitrogen gas sorption analysis. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and size-exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) were performed to analyze the presence of HSA aggregates in process intermediates. The virus filter showed high clearance of a small-size model virus, i.e., log10 reduction value (LRV) > 5, when operated at 3 and 5 bar, but a distinct decrease in LRV was detected at 1 bar, i.e., LRV 2.65–3.75. The throughput of HSA was also dependent on applied transmembrane pressure as was seen by Vmax values of 110 ± 2.5 L m−2 and 63.6 ± 5.8 L m−2 at 3 bar and 5 bar, respectively. Protein loss was low, i.e., recovery > 90%. A distribution of pore sizes between 40 nm and 60 nm, which was present in the prefilter and absent in the virus filter, played a crucial part in removing the HSA aggregates and minimizing the risk of virus filter fouling. The presented results enable the application of virus removal nanofiltration of HSA in bioprocessing as an alternative to virus inactivation methods based, e.g., on heat treatment.

scholarly journals Pilot Study on the Combination of Different Pre-Treatments with Nanofiltration for Efficiently Restraining Membrane Fouling While Providing High-Quality Drinking Water

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 380
Author(s):  
Yan Chen ◽  
Huiping Li ◽  
Weihai Pang ◽  
Baiqin Zhou ◽  
Tian Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Transmembrane Pressure ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Treated Water

Nanofiltration (NF) is a promising post-treatment technology for providing high-quality drinking water. However, membrane fouling remains a challenge to long-term NF in providing high-quality drinking water. Herein, we found that coupling pre-treatments (sand filtration (SF) and ozone–biological activated carbon (O3-BAC)) and NF is a potent tactic against membrane fouling while achieving high-quality drinking water. The pilot results showed that using SF+O3-BAC pre-treated water as the feed water resulted in a lower but a slowly rising transmembrane pressure (TMP) in NF post-treatment, whereas an opposite observation was found when using SF pre-treated water as the feed water. High-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) and three-dimensional excitation–emission matrix (3D-EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy determined that the O3-BAC process changed the characteristic of dissolved organic matter (DOM), probably by removing the DOM of lower apparent molecular weight (LMW) and decreasing the biodegradability of water. Moreover, amino acids and tyrosine-like substances which were significantly related to medium and small molecule organics were found as the key foulants to membrane fouling. In addition, the accumulation of powdered activated carbon in O3-BAC pre-treated water on the membrane surface could be the key reason protecting the NF membrane from fouling.

scholarly journals Distribution of Saponins in the Sea Cucumber Holothuria lessoni; the Body Wall Versus the Viscera, and Their Biological Activities

Marine Drugs ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yadollah Bahrami ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Christopher M. M. Franco
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
The Body ◽  
Triterpene Glycosides ◽  
Partition Chromatography ◽  
Wide Range

Sea cucumbers are an important ingredient of traditional folk medicine in many Asian countries, which are well-known for their medicinal, nutraceutical, and food values due to producing an impressive range of distinctive natural bioactive compounds. Triterpene glycosides are the most abundant and prime secondary metabolites reported in this species. They possess numerous biological activities ranging from anti-tumour, wound healing, hypolipidemia, pain relieving, the improvement of nonalcoholic fatty livers, anti-hyperuricemia, the induction of bone marrow hematopoiesis, anti-hypertension, and cosmetics and anti-ageing properties. This study was designed to purify and elucidate the structure of saponin contents of the body wall of sea cucumber Holothuria lessoni and to compare the distribution of saponins of the body wall with that of the viscera. The body wall was extracted with 70% ethanol, and purified by a liquid-liquid partition chromatography, followed by isobutanol extraction. A high-performance centrifugal partition chromatography (HPCPC) was conducted on the saponin-enriched mixture to obtain saponins with a high purity. The resultant purified saponins were analyzed using MALDI-MS/MS and ESI-MS/MS. The integrated and hyphenated MS and HPCPC analyses revealed the presence of 89 saponin congeners, including 35 new and 54 known saponins, in the body wall in which the majority of glycosides are of the holostane type. As a result, and in conjunction with existing literature, the structure of four novel acetylated saponins, namely lessoniosides H, I, J, and K were characterized. The identified triterpene glycosides showed potent antifungal activities against tested fungi, but had no antibacterial effects on the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. The presence of a wide range of saponins with potential applications is promising for cosmeceutical, medicinal, and pharmaceutical products to improve human health.

Rural domestic wastewater treatment in Norway and Poland: experiences, cooperation and concepts on the improvement of constructed wetland technology

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 776-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Paruch ◽  
T. Mæhlum ◽  
H. Obarska-Pempkowiak ◽  
M. Gajewska ◽  
E. Wojciechowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Biogenic Elements ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
Domestic Wastewater Treatment

This article describes Norwegian and Polish experiences concerning domestic wastewater treatment obtained during nearly 20 years of operation for constructed wetland (CW) systems in rural areas and scattered settlements. The Norwegian CW systems revealed a high performance with respect to the removal of organic matter, biogenic elements and faecal indicator bacteria. The performance of the Polish CW systems was unstable, and varied between unsatisfied and satisfied treatment efficiency provided by horizontal and vertical flow CWs, respectively. Therefore, three different concepts related to the improvement of CW technology have been developed and implemented in Poland. These concepts combined some innovative solutions originally designed in Norway (e.g. an additional treatment step in biofilters) with Polish inspiration for new CWs treating rural domestic wastewater. The implementation of full-scale systems will be evaluated with regard to treatment efficiency and innovative technology; based on this, a further selection of the most favourable CW for rural areas and scattered settlements will be performed.

scholarly journals Endothelial cell mitogens derived from retina and hypothalamus: biochemical and biological similarities.

1984 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 1545-1549 ◽  
Author(s):  
P A D'Amore ◽  
M Klagsbrun
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cell ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Affinity Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Umbilical Vein ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
3T3 Cells ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Heparin Affinity

Bovine retina and hypothalamus contain anionic endothelial cell mitogens that display unusual affinities for the negatively charged glycosaminoglycan heparin. Both growth factor activities are acidic polypeptides (pl's of 5.0) as determined by isoelectric focusing and DEAE-affinity chromatography. In spite of their anionic nature, the factors bound to heparin-Sepharose columns with high affinity and could be eluted only at high salt concentrations (0.9-1.1 M NaCl). The affinity of the retina-derived growth factor (RDGF) for heparin permitted a 15,000-fold purification of the mitogen in two steps: heparin-affinity chromatography and size exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography. RDGF and the anionic hypothalamus-derived factor (aHDGF) exhibit three major biochemical similarities including isoelectric point, (pl's of 5.0), heparin affinity (elution at 0.9-1.1 M NaCl) and molecular weight (18,000). Additionally, the two factors display similar biological activities, stimulating the proliferation of capillary and human umbilical vein endothelial and 3T3 cells but not vascular smooth muscle cells. We suggest that RDGF and aHDGF are related if not identical growth factor molecules.

scholarly journals Metatranscriptomic Analysis of the Response of River Biofilms to Pharmaceutical Products, Using Anonymous DNA Microarrays

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (16) ◽  
pp. 5432-5439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Etienne Yergeau ◽  
John R. Lawrence ◽  
Marley J. Waiser ◽  
Darren R. Korber ◽  
Charles W. Greer
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Dna Microarrays ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Microarray Platform ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Ecosystem Dynamics ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Domestic Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Transcriptional Changes

ABSTRACT Pharmaceutical products are released at low concentrations into aquatic environments following domestic wastewater treatment. Such low concentrations have been shown to induce transcriptional responses in microorganisms, which could have consequences on aquatic ecosystem dynamics. In order to test if these transcriptional responses could also be observed in complex river microbial communities, biofilm reactors were inoculated with water from two rivers of differing trophic statuses and subsequently treated with environmentally relevant doses (ng/liter to μg/liter range) of four pharmaceuticals (erythromycin [ER], gemfibrozil [GM], sulfamethazine [SN], and sulfamethoxazole [SL]). To monitor functional gene expression, we constructed a 9,600-feature anonymous DNA microarray platform onto which cDNA from the biofilms was hybridized. Pharmaceutical treatments induced both positive and negative transcriptional responses from biofilm microorganisms. For instance, ER induced the transcription of several stress, transcription, and replication genes, while GM, a lipid regulator, induced transcriptional responses from several genes involved in lipid metabolism. SN caused shifts in genes involved in energy production and conversion, and SL induced responses from a range of cell membrane and outer envelope genes, which in turn could affect biofilm formation. The results presented here demonstrate for the first time that low concentrations of small molecules can induce transcriptional changes in a complex microbial community. The relevance of these results also demonstrates the usefulness of anonymous DNA microarrays for large-scale metatranscriptomic studies of communities from differing aquatic ecosystems.

scholarly journals Organic Foulants Characteristics in Membrane Bioreactor

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Aryal ◽  
S. Vigneswaran ◽  
J. Lebegue ◽  
H. K. Shon ◽  
J. Kandasamy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Bioreactor ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Aeration Rate ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Exclusion Chromatography ◽  
Naoh Solution ◽  
Bioreactor System ◽  
Microbial Products ◽  
Flat Sheet Membrane

A laboratory scale side stream membrane bioreactor system with flat sheet membrane was operated for 5–days run at three different aeration rates (100, 200 and 300 L/h). The organic foulants deposited on the membrane surface was studied after extraction with 5% NaOH solution using three spectroscopic techniques. The IR spectra showed no distinct similarity in peaks among the three. The fluorescence spectra showed increase of soluble microbial products in foulant with decrease of aeration rate. This was supported by the size exclusion chromatography in which biopolymers concentration in fouling decreased with increasing aeration rate.

scholarly journals SMP Production in an Anaerobic Submerged Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) at Different Organic Loading Rates

Membranes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 317
Author(s):  
Sandra C. Medina ◽  
Nataly Zamora-Vacca ◽  
Hector J. Luna ◽  
Nicolas Ratkovich ◽  
Manuel Rodríguez Susa
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
Submerged Membrane Bioreactor ◽  
Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactors ◽  
Microbial Products

Anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) have demonstrated an excellent capability to treat domestic wastewater. However, biofouling reduces membrane permeability, increasing operational costs and overall energy demand. Soluble microbial products (SMPs) that build up on the membrane surface play a significant role in the biofouling. In this study, the production of SMPs in a 32 L submerged AnMBR operated at three different organic loads (3.0, 4.1 and 1.2 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD)/m3d for phases 1, 2 and 3, respectively) during long-term operation of the reactor (144, 83 and 94 days) were evaluated. The samples were taken from both the permeate and the sludge at three different heights (0.14, 0.44 and 0.75 m). Higher production of SMPs was obtained in phase 2, which was proportional to the membrane fouling. There were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) in the SMPs extracted from sludge at different heights among the three phases. In the permeate of phases 1, 2 and 3, the membrane allowed the removal of 56%, 70% and 64% of the SMP concentration in the sludge. SMPs were characterized by molecular weight (MW). A bimodal behavior was obtained, where fractions prevailed with an MW < 1 kDa, associated with SMPs as utilization-associated products (UAPs) caused fouling by the pore-blocking mechanism. The chemical analysis found that, in the SMPs, the unknown COD predominated over the known COD, such as carbohydrates and proteins. These results suggest that further studies in SMP characterization should focus on the unknown COD fraction to understand the membrane fouling in AnMBR systems better.

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