IJTIHAD POLITIK KYAI: PERGESERAN OTORITAS KHR. ACH. FAWAID AS’AD SITUBONDO

This study found that the relationship between santri and kyai is a pattern of emotional relations such as the feudal system. Kyai has three pillars. They are the mass base as a pattern of social structure, the ulama base as a leadership structure and the cultural base as a scientific basis. However, these three pillars have experienced a shift due to the kyai's entry into practical politics due to his political ijtihad. This shift places the authority of the kyai from a spiritual teacher (central position) to a politician (peripheral position). In this case, the kyai is still obeyed when he is in a central position as a spiritual teacher and not obeyed when his position is marginal as a politician. Of course, this becomes an authority dilemma as experienced by kyai Fawaid who is directly involved in practical politics. The involvement of kyai Fawaid in politics does not belong to the opportunist category but is a form of concern for carrying out the commands of ma'ruf nahi munkar in social transformation. Kyai Fawaid's political ijtihad was strongly influenced by the habituation of Islamic boarding schools based on fiqh. Habituation here is to create a political situation and condition (persistence life situation) through a process of internalization and habituation in accordance with the values ​​of the pesantren, not to be carried away by the flow of political habituation which is always pragmatic and materialistic. The result of his Ijitihad that winning in politics by deception must be abandoned and losing in the right way must be maintained. Thus, the findings of this study can invalidate the theory from the results of research that has been carried out by Ernst Utrecht, Mochtar Naim, Daneli Lev, Justus van der Kroef, Arnold Brackman and Munir Mulkan, where they say that kyai or pesantren of Nahdlatul Ulama who participate politics are opportunists.

Gerakan perlawanan atas penguasaan sumber daya hutan masyarakat adat mentawai di Pulau Siberut, Kepulauan Mentawai, Sumatera Barat

This study explain how the dynamics of resistance actors from the resistance movement over the control of forest resources of the Mentawai indigenous people on the island of Siberut, Mentawai islands, West Sumatra. The primary data in this study are the results of interviews with the authors in the field, as well as secondary data from books, international and national journals, as well as related official documents. The author concludes that there is no significant resistance due to the lack of solidarity and sense of belonging to the customary forest due to the heterogeneity that exists in Siberut. The conflict that took place was actually not just the interests of the economic base, but the existence of a cultural base that also played an important role.Abstrak Penelitian ini menjelaskan dinamika aktor perlawanan dari gerakan perlawanan atas penguasaan sumber daya hutan masyarakat adat Mentawai di pulau Siberut, kepulauan Mentawai, Sumatera Barat. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif . Data primer dalam penelitian ini berasal dari hasil wawancara penulis di lapangan, serta data sekunder yang berasal dari buku, jurnal internasional maupun nasional, maupun dokumen resmi yang berhubungan. Penulis menyimpulkan bahwa tidak ada perlawanan yang begitu signifikan dikarenakan aliansi-aliansimasyarakat yang terbangun kekurangan solidaritas dan “sense of belonging” atas hutan adat karena heterogenitas yang ada pada Siberut. Konflik yang berlangsung sebenarnya tidak hanya sekadar kepentingan basis ekonomi semata namun adanya basis budaya (culture) yang juga memainkan peranan penting. Namun, dikarenakan kurangnya solidaritas tersebut, gerakan yang terbangun bersifat tentatif tergantung kepentingan penggerak gerakan.

Järjen harhapolut. Kapitalistinen rationalisaatio ja sen kritiikki Juha Seppälän romaaneissa Yhtiökumppanit, Paholaisen haarukka ja Mr. Smith

Aberrations of Reason. Capitalist Rationality and its Critique in Juha Seppälä’s Novels Yhtiökumppanit (The Partners, 2002), Paholaisen haarukka (Devil’s Fork, 2008) and Mr. Smith (2012). Juha Seppälä’s early literary works, published in the 1980s and in the early 1990s, usually described spiritually lonely men who suffered from an existential loss of meaning and serious alienation problems in the modern world. After this, Seppälä turned to deal with the transformation of the Finnish way of life and its cultural base, until after the turn of the new millennium he began to critically judge society’s ongoing marketization process. This study analyses his capitalism-critical works, particularly his novels Yhtiökumppanit (The Partners, 2002), Paholaisen haarukka (Devil’s Fork, 2008) and Mr. Smith (2012). These works do not, primarily, consider contemporary market capitalism from a class perspective, although this sort of perspective is also included in them. They are, above all, critical of market capitalist rationality. According to Seppälä, the basic problem of modern economic profit-seeking lies in the fact that in its unchecked form it is largely indifferent with respect to existential, moral, social and ecological values and principles. Free market economy or market capitalism has, therefore, a destructive influence on individuals, communities and ecological systems. The novels at issue emphasize that due to this it is also, in a deeper sense, incapable of producing existentially meaningful ways of life.

The Value of Trust as a «Glue» of a Modern University’s Corporate Culture

The article states the stratification of the university’s corporate culture as its traditional cultural base into the institutional and administrative (realizing the «third mission» of the university and bearing the tendency of its transformation into a business corporation) and the culture of the teaching staff (which has preserved the traditional university functions) and culture. There are suggested ways to eliminate this mismatch.The authors substantiate the role and significance of the ideological attitude of the university’s corporate culture to trust as a «glue» of its stratified cultural base, which maintains a balance between the traditional and modern university’s mission (the concept of «glue» is suggested by the Russian researcher L. Gudkov, who uses this term to denote a mechanism holding society together into a unity and a whole).The methodology of conceptual reasoning is based on a sociocultural approach that suggests considering changes of any social institution in the context of responding to the challenge of the globalized world of network structures and market relations.The article identifies the causes and consequences of lacking coordination in the cultural base of the university.Communicative rationality, which, as a style of scientific and philosophical thinking, initiates the construction of modern social ontologies, is proven to be a possible complementarity instrument («glue») of the two university cultures. It is argued that today trust reveals its not only psychological, but also ontological and epistemological significance, orienting both components of corporate culture towards their unity in implementing of the university’s research and educational missions together with its «third mission».The article originally defines the university’s corporate culture as focused on the formation of students’ trust as a key factor of sparing life in the modern world with its ideological, economic, and political tensions. On this basis, it is proposed to form a university management strategy and to restructure the educational process.

Pesantren Virtual: Dinamisasi atau Disrupsi Pesantren?

The industrial revolution that penetrated the world of education forced Islamic boarding schools (Pesantren), as part of education, to mutate in new form to find the ideal format as an adaptive step to keep up to date. Pesantren which have a cultural base of traditional society make various efforts to make acculturation with technology. The efforts of these pesantren can be seen from the number of pesantren websites, which provide information about pesantren and religious programs online. On the other hand, virtual pesantren have also emerged, which do not have a real pesantren institutional base in the community, using online media as an operational base. Some of these virtual Islamic boarding schools have strong buildings in cyberspace, with a wider reach than Islamic boarding schools. Its flexible and open nature makes virtual pesantren have their own community in cyberspace. Furthermore, problems arise when virtual Islamic boarding schools intersect with conventional Pesantren in cyberspace. This research is a library research that uses printed and online media as data sources. This study aims to find differences in the characteristics of virtual pesantren, and their relationship with the dynamics of pesantren in the era 4.0. From the content analysis conducted at several virtual pesantren, it was found that some of them used the same name as real pesantren, thus creating ambiguity of virtual pesantren

USING INQUIRY-BASED LEARNING TO EXPLORE RESPECT OF CULTURAL BASE DESIGN: A CASE STUDY IN AMPHAWA TOURISM COMMUNITY, THAILAND

Amphawa is a Thai valuable cultural heritage. This cultural tourism has been amplified thanks to the UNESCO award. Despite the recognition, there exists a conflict as seen obviously in the town development by cross-cultural designers. This research focuses on establishment of a proper learning model. Qualitative research was undertaken using a tool namely Ethnographic Delphi Futures Research. The results found that the method of Inquiry-Based Learning significantly made learners gain insights because of the direct interactions with the community stakeholders who truly take part in reaching the consensus which improved consistency of the design works to preserve the cultural identity.

“ANTIGONES” FROM TRANSBAIKALIA. THE SPECIFICITY OF WOMEN’S COUNTER-MEMORY IN THE BORDER REGIONS OF INNER ASIA

Stalinist mass violence led to the dispersion of Transbaikalian Cossacks, the loss of their material and cultural base, the decrease of their population and the disintegra-tion of the group. The reaction of the ex-Cossack transborder society in the USSR, China and Mongolia were the counter-memory building practices including the glori-fication of anticommunist uprisings and great respect for the local warlord Ataman Semenov (being the symbol of resistance). These re-remembering practices of the ul-tra male-oriented and dominated community reveal essential gender aspects. Para-doxically, the Transbaikalian Cossack counter-memory is a mostly women project. The Socialist modernization trauma confronted Cossack women with the so-called Antigone dilemma of the choice between the family (memory) and the state (forced forgetting). This article aims at showing the specificity of Cossack womens memory-building practices from the perspective of the character of women’s memories (con-nected with their family life, religious experiences and local social network), the dif-ference between the sexes as regards the social experience in Transbaikalian villages and women’s role in the Cossack tradition (telling the truth). The empirical founda-tions of this investigation are based on the field work and archive research conducted in Russia, Mongolia and China. The theoretical basis is the assumption of the mostly epistemological presence of the Past and the dependence of memory on the current social and cultural situation. Thus, that proves the active social role of memory and the impossibility of the purely autonomous collective memory in the conditions of isolation and mass political indoctrination. Nonetheless, the analyzed case has also shown the possibility of transforming ideological patterns into private mythology and the women’s legends about the ancestors’ glory, crucial for the cultural survival of the community.

ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ КОММУНИКАЦИИ В МЕЖКУЛЬТУРНОМ ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИИ

Аннотация: Целью данного исследования является анализ эффективного межкультурного общения при создании правильной модели проксематического кода. На современном этапе сосуществования культур невозможно избежать диалога между ними. Так и развивается культурный плюрализм, который способствует адаптации человека к чужой культуре без отказа от своей собственной, что в свою очередь подразумевает развитие культурного плюрализма, представляющего собой адаптацию человека к чужой культуре без отказа от своей собственной. Хорошее владение языком не всегда бывает достаточным в межкультурной коммуникации. Неверная трактовка жестов и пространственной организации коммуникативного поведения иностранных лиц, может привести к «конфликту культур». Он возникает тогда, когда человек не понимает и не принимает иные взгляды, традиции. В итоге может возникнуть недопонимание, либо полное отсутствие понимания в общении между представителями разных культур. Поэтому очень важно понимать язык невербального общения. Не- вербальное речевое взаимодействие – это несловесные сигналы, которые могут включать широкий спектр элементов невербальной семиотики. В данной статье, мы рассматриваем проксемику, т.е. пространственное взаимодействие, как центральную область невербальной системы. Проксемика – это наука о пространственной коммуникации, знание о том, как человек воспринимает и использует пространство в коммуникативном взаимодействии. А именно дистанция между собеседниками, организация пространства при беседе. В пространственной области находится каждый человек в зависимости от культурной базы личности и от социальной среды её развития. Аннотация: Бул изилдөөнүн максаты - туура проксематикалык код моделин түзүүдө эффективдүү маданияттар аралык байланышты талдоо. Азыркы этапта, маданияттардын биргелешип жашашы, алардын ортосундагы диалогду болтурбай коюу мүмкүн эмес. Ошентип, өз кезегинде, маданий плюрализм өнүгүп, адамга өз маданиятын таштабастан, чет элдик маданиятка ылайыкташууга жардам берет, алар тарабынан, бул өз кезегинде, маданий плюрализмдин өнүгүшүн, башкача айтканда, адамдын өз маданиятын чет өлкөлүк маданиятка ылайыкташтырууну билдирет. Тилдерди жакшы билүү маданияттар аралык баарлашууда дайыма эле жетиштүү боло бербейт. Жаңсоолорду туура эмес чечмелөө жана чет өлкөлүк адамдардын коммуникациялык жүрүм-турумун мейкиндиктеги уюштуруу "маданияттардын кагылышуусуна" алып келиши мүмкүн. Бул адам түшүнбөгөн жана башка көз караштарды, каада-салттарды кабыл албаганда пайда болот. Натыйжада,ар кандай маданияттын өкүлдөрүнүн ортосунда түшүнбөстүк же түшүнбөстүк болушу мүмкүн. Ошондуктан, оозеки эмес байланыштын тилин түшүнүү өтө маанилүү. Вербалдык эмес сүйлөө аракети - бул оозеки эмес семиотиканын кеңири чөйрөсүн камтыган вербалдык эмес сигналдар. Бул макалада биз проксемиканы, б.а. мейкиндиксиз өз ара аракеттенүү бейвербалдык системанын борбордук аймагы. Прокемика - мейкиндиктик байланыш илим, адамдын мейкиндикти коммуникативдик өз ара аракеттенүүдө кандайча кабыл алып, колдоно тургандыгы. Тагыраак айтканда, маектешүүлөрдүн ортосундагы аралык, сүйлөшүү учурунда мейкиндикти уюштуруу. Мейкиндик мейкиндигинде ар бир адам инсандын маданий базасына жана анын өнүгүшүнүн социалдык чөйрөсүнө жараша жайгашкан. Summary: The purpose of this study is to analyze effective intercultural communication while creating the correct model of proxematic code. At the present stage, the coexistence of cultures cannot avoid dialogue between them. Thus, in turn, cultural pluralism is developing, which contributes to the adaptation of a person to another 's culture without giving up his own. Good language proficiency is not always sufficient in intercultural communication. Incorrect interpretation of gestures and spatial organization of communication behavior of foreign people can lead to "conflict of cultures." It arises when a person does not understand or accept other views, traditions. As a result, there may be misunderstanding, or a complete lack of understanding in communication between different cultures. Therefore, it is very important to understand the language of non-verbal communication. Non-verbal speech interaction are non-word signals that can include a wide range of elements of non-verbal semiotics. In this article, we consider proxemics, i.e. spatial interaction as the central area of the nonverbal system. Proxemics is the science of spatial communication, knowledge of how a person perceives and uses space in communicative interaction. Such as, the distance between the interlocutors, the organization of space during the conversation. In the spatial domain there is every person depending on the cultural base of the individual and on the social environment of its development.

Como trabalhar o repertório cultural dos alunos e a comunicação conforme proposta da BNCC a partir da cultura afrodescendente?

A real necessidade de adequar o currículo escolar às chamadas aprendizagens essenciais citadas na Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC) tem sido destaque em discussões e capacitações na área educacional em todo o país. A escola do século XXI, apesar de já ter apresentado alguns avanços, ainda está presa a livros didáticos cuja proposta é a transmissão de conteúdos que supostamente serão cobrados em exames oficiais. Muitas dessas propostas pedagógicas não levam em consideração o aluno como um ser integral com cabeça, coração e mãos. O foco é simplesmente o aspecto cognitivo. Talvez seja essa a razão pela qual muitos educadores em atuação em sala de aula têm a impressão de estarem falando sozinhos. Os alunos não demonstram a mínima motivação para aprender. Este relato de experiência foi realizado por intermédio de uma intervenção, desenvolvida durante um trimestre no Colégio Dom Bosco de Ipiaú - Ba, com base num conjunto de atividades mediadas por coordenadores, professores e, principalmente, os alunos que, conforme proposta da BNCC, atuaram como protagonistas do processo ensino-aprendizagem. Isso foi o que proporcionou o projeto interdisciplinar motivado pelo livro África e Brasil: história e cultura da Editora FTD, cujo autor é Eduardo D’Amorim. A escola deixa de lado o trabalho mecânico de conteúdos, ressignifica a aprendizagem envolvendo temas como racismo, fome, miséria, preconceitos, direitos humanos, e todo o repertório artístico dos alunos. Tudo isso atrelado a conteúdos das áreas de Linguagens e Ciências Humanas, com foco em duas competências propostas pela Base: o repertório cultural e a comunicação. Palavras-chave: Cultura Afrodescendente; Repertório Cultural; Base Nacional Comum Curricular; Alunos; Comunicação.

Struggles of Korean Second-Generation Leaders: Leaving the Immigrant Church

The Korean immigrant church has served as not only a religious institution but also a cultural base for the first generation of immigrants, who have a common interest in keeping their traditional values. Such an emphasis, however, has resulted in conflicts between the first and second generations. The purpose of this study is to explain the struggles of second-generation Korean American leaders that led them away from the first-generation immigrant church. Two main elements of the Asian culture emerged as the source of the intercultural identity struggle: (1) striving to maintain the honor balance and (2) struggling with due order.