A Take on Geo-informatics Systems with Pin-Codes as Atomic Unit

Rural areas in India may not necessarily have internet connection and what if they need to know about nearest hospitals, fire stations or if a message has to be broadcasted over a large section of this area. This paper tries to solve all of these problems by implementing a pin-code based approach to map these important locations. Now a days, more advanced technologies such as GPS are more useful in solving these problems in real-time but what this paper tries to do is solve them statically where technology can’t take precedence over daily lives. It discusses a smart, fast algorithm with minimum memory overhead to solve these specific issues. Lack of data sets are a concern in this approach but to automate this we have used Image Processing to automatically detect boundaries of pin-codes on various sub-regions to form a universal Graph which can then be subjected to various algorithms like A*, DFS, BFS, Dijkstra which are local to each type of problem. This leaves scope for further research on developing models that can read images of maps more efficiently to create more accurate data sets which are accurate enough and void of longitudinal and latitudinal details.

Sequence determinants of human gene regulatory elements

DNA determines where and when genes are expressed, but the full set of sequence determinants that control gene expression is not known. To obtain a global and unbiased view of the relative importance of different sequence determinants in gene expression, we measured transcriptional activity of DNA sequences that are in aggregate ~100 times longer than the human genome in three different cell types. We show that enhancers can be classified to three main types: classical enhancers1, closed chromatin enhancers and chromatin-dependent enhancers, which act via different mechanisms and differ in motif content. Transcription factors (TFs) act generally in an additive manner with weak grammar, with classical enhancers increasing expression from promoters by a mechanism that does not involve specific TF-TF interactions. Few TFs are strongly active in a cell, with most activities similar between cell types. Chromatin-dependent enhancers are enriched in forkhead motifs, whereas classical enhancers contain motifs for TFs with strong transactivator domains such as ETS and bZIP; these motifs are also found at transcription start site (TSS)-proximal positions. However, some TFs, such as NRF1 only activate transcription when placed close to the TSS, and others such as YY1 display positional preference with respect to the TSS. TFs can thus be classified into four non-exclusive subtypes based on their transcriptional activity: chromatin opening, enhancing, promoting and TSS determining factors — consistent with the view that the binding motif is the only atomic unit of gene expression.

A Fully Collaborative, Noteless Electronic Medical Record Designed to Minimize Information Chaos: Software Design and Feasibility Study (Preprint)

BACKGROUND Clinicians spend large amounts of their workday using electronic medical records (EMRs). Poorly designed documentation systems contribute to the proliferation of out-of-date information, increased time spent on medical records, clinician burnout, and medical errors. Beyond software interfaces, examining the underlying paradigms and organizational structures for clinical information may provide insights into ways to improve documentation systems. In particular, our attachment to the <i>note</i> as the major organizational unit for storing unstructured medical data may be a cause of many of the problems with modern clinical documentation. Notes, as currently understood, systematically incentivize information duplication and information scattering, both within a single clinician’s notes over time and across multiple clinicians’ notes. Therefore, it is worthwhile to explore alternative paradigms for unstructured data organization. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of building an EMR that does not use notes as the core organizational unit for unstructured data and which is designed specifically to disincentivize information duplication and information scattering. METHODS We used specific design principles to minimize the incentive for users to duplicate and scatter information. By default, the majority of a patient’s medical history remains the same over time, so users should not have to redocument that information. Clinicians on different teams or services mostly share the same medical information, so all data should be collaboratively shared across teams and services (while still allowing for disagreement and nuance). In all cases where a clinician must state that information has remained the same, they should be able to <i>attest</i> to the information without redocumenting it. We designed and built a web-based EMR based on these design principles. RESULTS We built a medical documentation system that does not use notes and instead treats the chart as a single, dynamically updating, and fully collaborative workspace. All information is organized by clinical topic or problem. Version history functionality is used to enable granular tracking of changes over time. Our system is highly customizable to individual workflows and enables each individual user to decide which data should be structured and which should be unstructured, enabling individuals to leverage the advantages of structured templating and clinical decision support as desired without requiring programming knowledge. The system is designed to facilitate real-time, fully collaborative documentation and communication among multiple clinicians. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the feasibility of building a non–note-based, fully collaborative EMR system. Our attachment to the <i>note</i> as the only possible atomic unit of unstructured medical data should be reevaluated, and alternative models should be considered.

INFLUENCE OF RANGING UNCERTAINTY OF TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING ON CHANGE DETECTION IN TOPOGRAPHIC 3D POINT CLOUDS

Terrestrial laser scanners are commonly used for remotely sensing natural surfaces into 3D point clouds. Time series of such 3D point clouds can be analysed to gain information of surface changes that are induced by Earth surface shaping processes. The atomic unit in time series analysis is a bitemporal change detection and quantification. This should involve an estimation of the minimum quantifiable change, the Level of Detection, to separate signal from noise, e.g. stemming from the measurement. To enable such an estimation through error propagation, a model of the sensing instrument’s measurement uncertainty is required. In this work, we present an investigation on the ranging component of terrestrial laser scanning on this uncertainty and its influence on 3D distances between point clouds of two epochs. Specifically, we analyse the effects of incidence angle, intensity and range for different object materials, and make additional considerations with respect to waveform information returned by the sensor. We estimate a model for the rangefinder uncertainty of a terrestrial laser scanner and apply it on experimental data. The results show that using a sensor-specific model of ranging uncertainty allows an appropriate estimation of the Level of Detection. At a range of 60 m and a rotational displacement of 10°, this Level of Detection ranges between 0.1 mm to 1 mm for a white and a grey surface and up to 5 mm for a black surface. The completeness of the detection of significant change ranges from 60.2 % (black) to 89.8 % (grey) for the proposed method and from 65.5 % to 88.9 % for the baseline, when compared to tachymeter measurements. The similarity between the results is expected and suggests the validity of error propagation for the derivation of the Level of Detection.

On the Fundamental Physical Constants: I. Phenomenology

The fundamental physical constants (FCs) are parametrized. The results reveal that: 1) FCs are field coupling constants. With the exception of ratio of identities such as μ = mp/me, there are no dimensionless constants – all FCs, including Alpha and pi, are dimensional. 2) The constant k = 1.6022 x 10-19 implicates: i) atomic unit of torque, it causes matter’s intrinsic rotation on all (atomic to cosmic) scales; ii) motion of unrestricted bodies through free space and random thermal (Brownian) motion in condensed matter; iii) superluminal space expansion, i.e., Hubble effect is not an acceleration but tangential velocity (pi c) of free space; and iv) common parametric definition of radioactivity and stellar explosion/supernova. 3) Newtonian gravitation comprises two potentials, a spherical pneumatic torque field G1 acts to inflate the gravitational envelope and a combination of force fields G2 impacts an acute hydrostatic pressure on the individual and common envelopes of the gravitating bodies; the two contrary force fields function to create a coherent rigid system in dynamic equilibrium. 4) The bosonic unit mass gravitational acceleration constant, gw = 7.9433 x 1059 m s-2 kg-1 is associated with the strong nuclear force (SNF), it binds matter on all (atomic to cosmic) scales. 5) Although the classical electron radius (CER) formulation re = e2/mec2 yields correct value, it is nonetheless fortuitous as me deviates from the theoretical value by twenty orders of magnitude and theory does not link spatial dimension to electrostatics charge quantum. 6) Successful evaluation of re by three alternative methods implies that an attempt to relegate the CER as currently obtains in the Standard Model seeks to re-engineer reality. 7) Electron bosonic radius identifies with the astronomical unit, it accounts for “spooky” action at a distance and “entanglement” effects. 8) Planck length fails to relate to atomic spatial dimension indicating that Planck space does not refer to the atom. 9) Electric, magnetic and gravitational effects are all motivated by torque but its magnitude differs according to the order: electrical (N m) > magnetic (N m)0.75 > gravitational (N m)0.25. It is submitted that even if the atom degraded with cosmological epoch, values of the FCs would remain fixed because they are parametric relative quantities.

The Principle of Solidarity in the Civil Law of Russia

The present work reveals the content of the principle of solidarity in civil relations. The principle of solidarity reflects interests of society and an individual as a single social system that allows one to form relationships between the members of society based on solidarity and not on individualism, when pursuing profit making and own interests the interests of both society and the contract partners are ignored. In case there are individualism and selfishness in society centrifugal forces operate, what pulls apart society into some (atomic) unit. But if there are the interests of solidarity then centripetal forces operate, that unites society, integrates the interests of the members of society and of the entire society. It allows reaching not only the balance of interests between the partners in the agreement, but also equilibrium and stability in society. Therefore, the principle of solidarity is of particular importance for the formation process of civil society.