THE EFFECTS OF GENETIC AND NON GENETIC FACTORS ON WARFARIN DOSE RESPONSE IN VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM

BACKGROUND Warfarin is the most commonly used oral anticoagulant for the treatment and prevention of thromboembolic disorders. Pharmacogenomics studies have shown that variants in CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genes are strongly and consistently associated with warfarin dose variability. METHODOLOGY In this review, we included patients on stable warfarin dose and had the genetics and non-genetics factors associated with mean warfarin dose. We searched PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Google scholar and reference lists of relevant reviews. CONCLUSION Genetic and non-genetic factors affects the dose of warfarin. Genetic factors and Non genetic factors plays a signicant role and that may affects the dose of warfarin

Cannabidiol: A case presentation on the shortcomings in clinical application

Nearly four percent of the global population consumes cannabis with the highest prevalence among young people. Proponents of its use boast a myriad of benefits, including relief of pain, depression, anxiety, and insomnia. Pharmacologic research on cannabidiol (CBD) first occurred in the late 1970s, and more recently has garnered expanded focus due to mounting consumption despite a dearth of evidence in health efficacies. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is deemed to be the intoxicating component of the flowering plant, lending to psychoactive outcomes, including euphoria and psychosis. Conversely, CBD is not thought to be psychotropic in nature. While there are a number of considerations regarding the utilization of CBD, emphasis is placed on the fact that medical-use indication is limited to its anti-seizure effects. In addition, high-grade evidence-based research data regarding the use of CBD for other medical diseases is deficient. Negative health consequences for consumers who may be unaware that inaccurate labeling and dose variability across the product backdrop is problematic. All things considered, counsel against the use of CBD products may be a judicious clinical approach.

Allele Frequency of Carbamazepine Major Efflux Transporter Encoding Gene ABCB1 C3435T among Javanese-Indonesian Population

BACKGROUND: Genetic variations in ABCB1 gene that encodes P-glycoprotein, the main transporter in the efflux of carbamazepine (CBZ) from the brain cells, can lead to pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic variability. Polymorphism of C3435T is widely known to cause protein overexpression that contributes to an increased risk of CBZ resistance. AIM: This study determined the allele frequency distribution of ABCB1 C3435T gene in healthy subjects of the Javanese population as a major ethnic group in Indonesia. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved 100 healthy volunteers who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The genotype analysis to detect polymorphism in the targets employed the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method with 5’-TGCTGGTCCTGAAGTTGATCTGTGAAC-3’ as the forward primer and 5’-ACATTAGGCAGTGACTCGATGAAGGCA-3’ as the reverse primer. RESULTS: The frequency of subjects with C allele in ABCB1 C3435T gene reached 53%, higher than that with T allele. CONCLUSION: This finding was nearly the same as that in studies of the populations in China, Turkey, and four countries in the South European continent. It is recommended to conduct further research on the correlation between C3435T polymorphism and CBZ dose variability to provide a comprehensive approach to epilepsy management in patients receiving CBZ.