SUFISTIC LANGUAGE STYLE IN AL-QUSHAYRI’S NAHW AL-QULUB

This study aims to reveal the forms of language style used in "Nahw al-Qulub al-Kabir," the work of al-Qushayri with aesthetic values. It also intends to reveal the meaning effects implied in the language forms. This study uses a stylistic approach in analyzing text's language style, especially at the construction of the morphological level, syntax, and imagery. This research shows that the language style constructs the morphological level through word selection, word forms, and movement from one-word form to another. At the syntactic level, there are unusual sentence patterns and high intensity of using ma mausul as khobar. At the imagery level, al-Qushyari uses many patterns of isti'arah, tashbih, kinayah, saja', iqtibas, and tauriyyah. The extraction of meaning effect also carries a solid sufistic teachings dimension, including takhalli, tahalli, tajalli, ma’rifat, maqam jama’ and farq, and the teachings of Akhlaqi Sufism.

Impacts Of Extensive Reading on English Vocabulary Learning: A Meta-Analysis

There are many differences in sentence structure between English and Indonesian. In this study, the researchers conducted a comparative analysis of past sentence patterns in English and Indonesian. The purpose of this research is to find out the past sentence patterns of English and Indonesian, and the similarities and differences between them. The methods used to conduct research are qualitative research and descriptive research to compare patterns between English and Indonesian past sentence patterns. A high school textbook named "Interlanguage" is used as English data, which Indonesian students generally use and understand, rather than college students' books, while Indonesian data is a translation of the selected English text for each past sentence pattern. This research shows that there are more differences than similarities between the two languages. There are six differences, Namely: 1) Verb form; 2) Irregular verb be; 3) English generally has four past tenses, but Indonesian does not; 4) progress; 5) perfect progress; 6) English has 7 basics In the past, there are 2 sentence patterns in Indonesian. Researchers found some similarities, namely: 1) perfect aspect; 2) sentence pattern arrangement. Since English and Indonesian have more differences in past tense sentence patterns than similarities, it is expected that Indonesian learners will encounter some difficulties in learning English past. Keywords: comparative analysis, past sentences, sentence patterns, English, Indonesian

Semantic and Syntactic Processing During Comprehension: ERP Evidence From Chinese QING Structure

Previous studies used BA and BEI structures as stimuli to infer that syntax-first models seemed not applicable in Chinese. However, there were inconsistent results of both within same structures and between different structures. Since sentence structures of stimuli were non-canonical as well as lacking wide representativeness in Chinese, we examined the processing mechanism of a more representative structure in Chinese, QING (QING + NP1 + V + NP2) structure in the current study. Four conditions, including correct sentences (CORRECT), semantic-violated sentences (SEMANTIC), syntactic-violated sentences (SYNTACTIC), and combined violated sentences (COMBINED), were composed by manipulating the V between NP1 and NP2. Results with respect to three types of violation were as follows. In the initial phrase (100–300 ms), there existed an interaction between SEMANTIC consistency and the SYNTACTIC category. In the intermediate phrase (300–500 ms), the interaction continued with similar negative waves evoked by three types of violated sentences. In the final phrase (500–700 ms), both SYNTACTIC or COMBINED evoked obvious negative waves. The current research of Qing structure provided new evidence for the processing mechanism of Chinese sentence patterns. Specifically, we found that the interactive model rather than the syntax-first model may apply to the processing of this specific structure of Chinese sentences and compared the results with those reported in previous studies that examined other types of sentence structures.

Studi Fenomenologi: Penilaian Membaca dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia di Sekolah Menengah Atas Pekanbaru

Reading assessment is a form of assessment activity carried out by educators in assessing students' reading. This study uses a phenomenological approach to explore teachers' experiences as participants in learning to read stories, read poetry and read descriptive texts in developing reading assessments. This study involved 15 Indonesian language teachers and conducted in-depth interviews about reading assessments in schools. The theories used in this research are Setiadi (2016), Abdul (2003), Tarigan (1994), Yunus (2012), Tampubolon (2015), Razak (2001), Nurhayati (2009), Djiwandono (2011), and the theory of Burhan Nurgiyantoro (2014). In-depth interview analysis in this study shows that the assessment of reading saga pays attention to the assessment of speech sounds, words, sentences, letters, language, readings, pays attention to reading pauses, sentence breaks, paragraph breaks, sentence content, letter content, punctuation marks, appreciates the content. In contrast, the construction of poetry reading assessment includes the assessment of diction sounds, sounds, letters, sentences, rhymes, rhythms, stanzas, the figure of speech, confidence, language style, appreciation. Descriptive text-based assessment is to assess the accuracy of diction (use of vocabulary, conjunctions between sentences, clarity of language sounds); the assessment of the accuracy of the sentence structure of the reading pays attention to 3 assessments, namely the arrangement of sentence patterns, stringing sentences and the form of sentences used; and assessing the spelling and writing used including the assessment of punctuation, use of capital letters. Educators can use this research recommendation on the construction of reading assessment in high school in the concept of reading assessment in schools.

Pengejawantahan Pendekatan Storytelling dalam Pemahaman Membangun Diagram Alir Data

Throughout the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC), establishment the software through various phases. System design is one of the most crucial aspects of the SDLC. The Data Flow Diagram (DFD) is a model to build the system. The purpose of the research was to make it easier for people to comprehend the diagram by carefully preparing DFD, then it created software according to the DFD design. Storytelling is the method employed, and it pertains to qualitative ways for creating language patterns. As a design reference, it needs to make the DFD pattern subsequently. The research mimics two scenarios to reflect previous research on the same principle. According to the findings of this study, there are two significant disparities. The first scenario concerns system user activity, whereas the second concerns software performance. Therefore, it corresponds to the core notion of input-process-output; narrative scenario 1 is more consistent and easier to design in the processed results created from sentence patterns to DFD patterns. Scenario 2, on the other hand, connects many process symbols to processes, complicating the DFD design. Finally, scenario 2 is beneficial for requirement's elicitation, whereas scenario 1 applies to business procedures.

導入自文化於日語學習中之初探 ―透過「觀光日語」的實踐活動―

<p>本論文是探討台灣中部某所大學開設之「觀光日語」課程改革的實踐報告。本課程的課程設計理念是，學習者可以透過此門課程培養自身理解台灣和日本之間存在的社會和文化的差異。具體而言，於課程中導入台灣在地的題材，讓學習者完成各個在地題材為主題的課題。</p> <p>課程的實踐成果以問卷調查和口頭表現測驗進行評估。問卷調查的問題以 異文化理解為主軸設計的內容，各個問題滿分 5 分的問卷調查以記述統計的統計方式進行統計，其結果為「4.1」以上的平均點，由此得知學習者對於異文化有高度的理解。亦由此結果得知，本實踐活動達成課程目標之一的「培養異文化的學習能力和教養」。</p> <p>其次，由口頭表現測驗的結果得知，有學習者履修此門課程後，其單字的發音變得正確，其口頭表現使用的語彙和句型數量有所增加，語彙和句型的使用亦比修課前呈現更多元的變化。此結果亦達成課程的另一個課程目標「口頭能力表現的進步」。今後將持續進行導入台灣的自文化和在地題材為主題的課程改革。</p> <p>&nbsp;</p><p>This paper discusses the evaluation and revision of a &quot;Travel Japanese&quot; course taught in a university in central Taiwan. The course was designed to develop learners’ capability to understand the cultural and social differences between Taiwan and Japan. In particular, the course incorporates local Taiwanese themes for topics as learners complete lesson tasks.</p> <p>The course results were measured through post-class questionnaires, which surveyed understanding about different cultures on a five-point scale, and oral performance tests. The results of the questionnaires showed average of 4.1 points, indicating a high degree of understanding about other cultures. Therefore, the course can be thought to have accomplished the goal of &quot;cultivating learning and understanding of different cultures.&quot; </p> <p>In addition, the test results for the oral performance tests indicated that through the course learners improved in pronunciation and increased both their vocabulary and the diversity of the sentence patterns they used. Thus, results indicated that the second course goal of &quot;improving oral performance&quot; was also met. The author will continue to implement the self-culture approach and local elements of Taiwan into the course.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>

The Efficacy of Basic Sentence Pattern Approach for EFL Learners in Writing

As a fundamental component of language, writing has been identified as the least proficient domain in acquiring a new language. Due to this universal idea, this research has been designed to find a more effective method to improve the writing skills of EFL learners and makes an attempt to investigate the effectiveness of a basic sentence pattern (BSP) drill through film corpus-based activities. To do this, as a pre-test, EFL learners were asked to make questionnaires with basic sentence patterns that translate Korean sentences into English to determine how much basic knowledge they had. For the questionnaires and the basic sentence pattern drill, the script of the American television series Modern Family (Lloyd & Levitan, 2014) was collected and categorized into five basic sentence patterns. Then, the learners were taught about the 5th basic sentence pattern, the most difficult pattern and were trained to practice this sentence pattern, repetitively, for a month. As a final step, they took a post-test after another month’s training. The results show the overall score was enhanced significantly from pre-test to post-test. This finding demonstrates that basic sentence patterns can enable EFL learners to develop their sentence accuracy in writing.

الأخطاء الشائعة في مهارة الكلام لدى الطلبة الجدد بجامعة كياهي الحاج عبد الحليم موجوكرتو

This study aims to describe the common mistakes that occur in new students majoring in Arabic on the practice of speaking skills. This type of research is qualitative through a descriptive approach. Collecting data through the method of speaking, listening, and observing. The results of this study indicate that the forms of language errors that often occur are in 1) phonology, 2) morphology, and 3) syntactic. In the phonological aspect, there are replacements in the pronunciation of hijaiyah letters, additions in pronunciation, and omissions. In the morphological aspect, errors were found in the use of auzānul fi'il, tastniyah, and jama' muannast salim. In the syntactic aspect, errors were found in the use of dhamāir munfasilah and muttashilah, jar majrūr, tarkīb na'ti, tarkīb 'adadi, jumlah fi'liyah, and jumlah ismiyah. To face these previous problems, the teacher provided the treatments on the following forms: (1) Presenting the pronunciation of Arabic letters and the pronunciation of the vocabulary intact. (2) Introduce short expressions. (3) Presenting sentence patterns. (4) Providing short dialogues, and certainly all of these qualities are applied to these students gradually and continuously in the class in the form of two-by-two. In addition, all these treatments were presented by the teacher through podcasts and YouTube, the crazy method, the rhetorical method, and the problem-solving method

Analysis on Sentence Pattern of Spanish in Teaching — Classification of Simple Sentences

This paper mainly expounds the ways for analysis of five types of simple sentences and two kinds of special sentence patterns.