Investigation on the Storage Stability of Packaged Water Commonly Produced in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria

This study investigated the effects of storage conditions on the physicochemical parameter, microbial loads and health risks assessment of randomly 30 selected sachet and bottle water brands (A, B and C) in Ilorin Metropolis. Random sampling procedures were used to collect samples from three different brands and subjected to three different storage conditions; immediately (initial), mild sunlight and intense sunlight condition. The heavy metals (Cr, Pb and Fe) investigated in this study were above the permissible limits (WHO, SON). The presence of TBC, TCC, FCC and TFC in all the water samples analyzed showed no effective quality control system. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) assessment revealed a carcinogenic health risk to the populace drinking this water. It can be deduced from this study that water stored under sunlight for a long period of time is not good for human consumption and therefore adequate monitoring by the appropriate agencies are emphasized.

Geochemical Implication of Chemical Composition of Mineral Water (Bottled Water) Produced Near Mt. Baekdu (Changbai), Northeast China

Two kinds of bottled mineral water from wells located in the northern (Baeksansu, BSS) and southern (Baekdusansu, BDS) areas near Mt. Baekdu (Changbai) were collected in order to monitor the chemical compositions of the groundwater near a potential volcanic area. The bottled water was produced between August 2014 and June 2017, and corresponds to the Na-HCO3 water type. The trend in variation of each chemical component between the two bottled waters was different. The BDS bottled water from the southern area of Mt. Baekdu showed a dramatic change in chemical composition during the study period, whereas the BSS bottled water from the northern area did not show any significant change in chemical composition. In particular, the BDS bottled water showed either systematic increases or decreases of chemical components relative to the Cl concentrations. However, the BSS bottled water did not show such trends. It was confirmed that the chemical composition in the groundwater was constant, even though the monitoring period lasted for about two years. Our data indicate that it may be possible to use the chemical composition of the bottle water produced from the groundwater in the volcanic area as a proxy for monitoring the geochemical environmental change of the groundwater aquifer.

INTRAPRENEURSHIP AND ORGANIZATIONAL RESPONSIVENESS OF BOTTLE WATER MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN RIVERS STATE

The challenges of poor adjustments and modifications to the exertions of the environment, amidst growing competition and market rivalry, are such that requires a re-assessment of the options available to the organization. One of such is the focus on the internal resources and creativity availed by the members of the organization. This paper investigated the role of intrapreneurship in the actualization of organizational responsiveness in 9 bottle water manufacturing firms in Rivers State, duly registered with the Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN), Rivers and Bayelsa State chapter. The paper was designed as a cross-sectional survey and detailed the use of the structured questionnaire in the generation of data from 36 managers within the manufacturing firms. Hypotheses were tested using the Spearman’s rank order correlation. Results from the test indicate that the dimensions of intrapreneurship, namely: innovativeness, risk-taking and pro-activeness, all have significant and positive relationships with organizational responsiveness. The study based on this evidence affirmed that that the availing of platforms and supportive policies or frameworks that allow for innovative behaviour, risk-taking and pro-activeness within the organization has a strong tendency to enhance outcomes of organizational responsiveness for manufacturing firms in Rivers State, Nigeria.

Optimization of a Water Rocket in OpenMDAO/dymos

This work presents a model of a soda-bottle water rocket developed with NASA'sOpenMDAO Dymos optimal control multidisciplinary framework. This is an acces-sible example that is able to highlight many of the benfitts and challenges of multi-disciplinary optimization and of collocation methods. Optimization results for flightrange and height at apogee with respect to empty mass, initial water volume andlaunch angle are presented.

Quality assessment of some bottled water produced in Okitipupa, Ondo state, Nigeria

The aim of this study was to assess the safety level of some bottled water produced in Okitipupa, Ondo State Nigeria. Several packs of bottled water were obtained from three different manufacturers. Some physicochemical parameters and heavy metals were investigated to assess the quality of the bottle water using standard methods. The results from the physicochemical parameters and heavy metals were in with World Health Organization (WHO) standard for drinking water when compared. This study confirmed that the analyzed bottled water has good quality. Therefore, these bottled water are said to be safe for drinking.

Fluoride Level in Drinking Water Sources of Eastern Nepal

Background: Water is essential for the survival of every living organism of this planet, we humans being no exception to this fact. In context of oral health promotion, fluoride when consumed in recommended level decreases the solubility of enamel to acidic exposure and improves the strength of dental enamel that eventually helps reduce dental caries.So, this study was conducted to estimate the fluoride concentration in drinking water of eastern development region Nepal.Methods: Water samples (165) were randomly collected from drinking water sources of Eastern Development Region, Nepal. Three categories of water samples (municipal, natural, packaged bottle water) each from three most populated cities of every district in the region were collected. The water samples were collected in autoclaved polypropylene plastic vessels. American Public Health Association 4500 F- D method was used for fluoride estimation.Results: Majority of the water samples (88.2%) had fluoride concentration below the optimum as per WHO guideline. Median fluoride concentration of municipal water supply, natural water resources and packaged bottle water was 0.09 ppm (<0.05 to 1.11 ppm), 0.13 ppm (<0.05 to 1.80 ppm) and 0.05ppm (<0.05 ppm to 0.78 ppm) respectively. Median fluoride concentration of Himalayan region, hill region and terai region was 0.17 ppm, 0.10 ppm and 0.07 ppm respectively. Overall median fluoride concentration of eastern development region Nepal was 0.08 ppm (<0.05 pmm to 1.80 ppm). Conclusions: This study illustrated that fluoride concentration of most of the drinking water resources of eastern Nepal was below the recommended optimum level as per WHO guidelines. Keywords: Drinking water sources; eastern Nepal; fluoride concentration.