Development of the Diabetic Kidney Disease Mouse Model Culturing Embryos in α-Minimum Essential Medium In Vitro, and Feeding Barley Diet Attenuated the Pathology

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a critical complication associated with diabetes; however, there are only a few animal models that can be used to explore its pathogenesis. In the present study, we established a mouse model of DKD using a technique based on the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease theory, i.e., by manipulating the embryonic environment, and investigated whether a dietary intervention could ameliorate the model’s pathology. Two-cell embryos were cultured in vitro in α-minimum essential medium (MEM; MEM mice) or in standard potassium simplex-optimized medium (KSOM) as controls (KSOM mice) for 48 h, and the embryos were reintroduced into the mothers. The MEM and KSOM mice born were fed a high-fat, high-sugar diet for 58 days after they were 8 weeks old. Subsequently, half of the MEM mice and all KSOM mice were fed a diet containing rice powder (control diet), and the remaining MEM mice were fed a diet containing barley powder (barley diet) for 10 weeks. Glomerulosclerosis and pancreatic exhaustion were observed in MEM mice, but not in control KSOM mice. Renal arteriolar changes, including intimal thickening and increase in the rate of hyalinosis, were more pronounced in MEM mice fed a control diet than in KSOM mice. Immunostaining showed the higher expression of transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) in the proximal/distal renal tubules of MEM mice fed a control diet than in those of KSOM mice. Pathologies, such as glomerulosclerosis, renal arteriolar changes, and higher TGFB expression, were ameliorated by barley diet intake in MEM mice. These findings suggested that the MEM mouse is an effective DKD animal model that shows glomerulosclerosis and renal arteriolar changes, and barley intake can improve these pathologies in MEM mice.

Corrosion degradation of Mg–0.8Ca bioresorbable alloy in the mammalian cell culture medium

Представлены результаты исследования электрохимической активности биорезорбируемого магниевого сплава Mg–0,8Ca в среде для культивирования клеток млекопитающих – minimum essential medium (MEM). Наиболее высокая коррозионная активность сплава выявлена на начальной стадии выдержки в растворе (первые 12 мин). Установлен механизм коррозионной деградации материала, заключающийся в инициировании разрушения на границах зерен вследствие образования микрогальванических пар. Это объясняется присутствием в сплаве интерметаллидной фазы Mg2Ca, являющейся анодной по отношению к α-матрице магния. Предложена модель формирования слоя продуктов коррозии на поверхности сплава при его выдержке в MEM. The paper presents results of study of electrochemical activity of the Mg–0.8Ca bioresorbable alloy in a medium for the cultivation of mammalian cells – the minimum essential medium (MEM). The highest corrosion activity of the alloy was revealed at the initial stage of exposure in the solution (for the first 12 minutes). The mechanism of corrosion degradation of material has been determined and it is characterized with initiation of the destruction at grain boundaries caused by the formation of micro-galvanic couples. It is explained by the presence of Mg2Ca intermetallic phase which is anodic against α- magnesium matrix. A model of formation of corrosion products layer on alloy`s surface during the exposition in MEM solution is proposed.

Effect of Cu on the Tribocorrosion Behavior of Antibacterial CoCrMo Alloys in Simulated Biological Environment

CoCrMo alloy containing copper element can significantly improve the antibacterial property of the alloy. However, most metal implants often fail due to the presence of corrosion and wear. In this work, the electrochemical and tribocorrosion properties of CoCrMo, CoCrMo–2Cu, and CoCrMo–4Cu alloys at a potential of −0.45 V and 0 V condition in Hank’s/Saliva/α-minimum essential medium (MEM) containing 10% FBS solutions were studied to reveal the effect of Cu addition on the tribocorrosion properties of Co-based alloys. The results showed that the addition of copper element reduced the corrosion resistance and wear resistance of Co-based alloy. As for solutions, α-MEM containing 10% fetal bovine serum shows lubrication function. Based on the calculated results, it was pointed out that the tribocorrosion behavior of CoCrMo and CoCrMo–Cu alloy was mainly controlled by the mechanical wear.

Metabolomics Study on Pathogenic and Non-pathogenic E. coli with Closely Related Genomes with a Focus on Yersiniabactin and Its Known and Novel Derivatives

The Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains Nissle 1917 (EcN), 83972 and CFT073 are closely related but differ in their phenotypes and pathogenicity. The aim of this study was to compare the metabolome of these strains based on metabolomic data analysis of bacterial samples using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The strains were cultivated in minimum essential medium at 37 °C for 6 h. The sterilized culture supernatant was analyzed, followed by data processing to create feature lists, and statistical analysis to identify discriminating features in the metabolomes of the three strains. Metabolites were identified using the exact masses, isotope patterns, and fragmentation spectra. The results showed that the metabolome of EcN differs significantly from the metabolomes of E. coli 83972 and CFT073. Based on the analysis, yersiniabactin (Ybt), its metal complexes, and its known structural derivatives escherichelin and ulbactin B were identified as discriminating features; the latter has not been described for E. coli before. Additionally, novel Ytb derivatives were found and tentatively identified by LC-MS/HRMS. All these metabolites were determined in significantly higher levels in the metabolome of EcN compared to E. coli 83972, which may explain a large part of the observed differences of the metabolomes.

Cytotoxicity of Three Light-Cured Orthodontic Adhesives

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of three commercial light-cured orthodontic adhesives.Materials and methods: The potential cytotoxic effects of three types of orthodontic adhesives, Grengloo, Green Glue, and Transbond XT, were tested on L929 cell culture. The cell line was grown in 96-well tissue culture plates (1x105 cells/mm3). Thin resin discs weighing 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, and 0.8 gram of each material were prepared and aged for 1, 3, 6, 8, and 10 days, respectively, in Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) at 37°C with 5% CO2 at 100% humidity. Cell viability was assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay according to ISO 10993-5: 2009 (E). The differences among the groups was statically analyzed by independent paired t-test (α = 0.05).Results: After 1 day of storage, all adhesive systems showed cytotoxic effects. However, ageing tended to considerably reduce the cytotoxicity of Green Glue. Grengloo was essentially non-cytotoxic day 3 onwards, while Green Glue and Transbond XT exhibited potential cytotoxicity at all times of the experiment. Conclusion: All tested light-cured orthodontic adhesives had cytotoxic potential during the first day. Grengloo had the highest cell viability, whereas, Green Glue had the lowest.

EFFECT OF SOMATOTROPIN AND THYROXINE ON THE IN VITRO DEVELOPMENT OF BOVINE PREANTRAL FOLLICLES

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) and thyroxine (T4) on survival and growth of bovine preantral ovarian follicles (PAOF) cultured in vitro. Ovarian fragments were collected in local abattoirs and immediately fixed for classical histology and transmission electron microscopy (non-cultured control). The other fragments were then cultured in situ for seven days in minimum essential medium alone (MEM+ - cultured control) or in the presence of 1,000 ng/mL rbST and 20 ng/mL T4, isolated or associated. After seven days, there was a reduction (P<0.05) in the percentage of normal follicles in MEM+ alone or with T4. In oocyte diameter, there was a reduction in MEM+ alone. There was no influence (P>0.01) of the medium used on the follicular diameter of the PAOF cultured for seven days. Ultrastructural analysis showed cell damage. In conclusion, the presence of rbST maintains the rate of morphologically normal follicles during the culture for seven days (observed by optical microscopy), but it does not exert beneficial effects on its ultrastructural integrity and oocyte and follicular growth.