Effects of Single or Combined Administration of Dietary Synbiotic and Sodium Propionate on Humoral Immunity and Oxidative Defense, Digestive Enzymes and Growth Performances of African Cichlid (Labidochromis lividus) Challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila

The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential effects of dietary synbiotic (SYN) (Pediococcus acidilactici + Galactooligosaccharides; 10 g kg−1), sodium propionate (SP; 5, 10 and 20 g kg−1) and a combination of SYN + SP on the growth performance, humoral immunity, antioxidant responses and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila of African cichlid (Labidochromis lividus) fingerlings (0.52 ± 0.05 g) in a feeding trial lasting 63 days. A completely randomized design was run with eight treatments, including 0 (control) and supplemented diets containing SYN + SP (e.g., 10 + 5, 10 + 10, 10 + 20, 0 + 5, 0 + 10, 0 + 20 and 10 + 10). The lowest feed conversion ratio value was observed in fish fed the 5 g kg−1-SP and 10 g kg−1-SYN (p < 0.05). The highest values of protein efficiency ratio and protein productive value were recorded in fish fed the 10 g kg−1-SYN (p < 0.05). Fish fed the 10 g kg−1-SYN diet had the highest activities of immunity (lysozyme, immunoglobulin) and antioxidant responses (glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) (p < 0.05). After 28 days post-challenge, the highest survival rate (57%) was recorded in the diet containing 10 g kg−1 SYN and 5 g kg−1 SP. The results indicated that the single administration of SYN or combined with SP, especially at the level of 5 g kg−1 of diet, enhanced the survival and growth performances, humoral immune response, antioxidant and digestive enzymes of African cichlid.

SCFA Treatment Alleviates Pathological Signs of Migraine and Related Intestinal Alterations in a Mouse Model of NTG-Induced Migraine

Background: There is a growing realization that the gut–brain axis signaling is critical for maintaining the health and homeostasis of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the intestinal environment. The role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs), such as Sodium Propionate (SP) and Sodium Butyrate (SB), has been reported to counteract inflammation activation in the central and Enteric Nervous System (ENS). Methods: In this study, we evaluated the role of the SCFAs in regulating the pathophysiology of migraine and correlated dysregulations in the gut environment in a mouse model of Nitroglycerine (NTG)-induced migraine. Results: We showed that, following behavioral tests evaluating pain and photophobia, the SP and SB treatments attenuated pain attacks provoked by NTG. Moreover, treatments with both SCFAs reduced histological damage in the trigeminal nerve nucleus and decreased the expression of proinflammatory mediators. Ileum evaluation following NTG injection reported that SCFA treatments importantly restored intestinal mucosa alterations, as well as the release of neurotransmitters in the ENS. Conclusions: Taken together, these results provide evidence that SCFAs exert powerful effects, preventing inflammation through the gut–brain axis, suggesting a new insight into the potential application of SCFAs as novel supportive therapies for migraine and correlated intestinal alterations.

Effect of carbon source type on phosphorus removal efficiency of MBBR and characteristics of fluorescent substances in water

In this paper, Moving Bed Bioreactor (MBBR) reactor was used as the research object to explore the effects of carbon source type on phosphorus removal performance of MBBR system and the changes of microbial metabolic characteristics in typical cycles. The results showed that the absorption and release of phosphorus by sodium propionate and starch were obvious. The accumulation and degradation of PHA and glycogen were observed in the three reactors, and PHA was prior to glycogen decomposition. When sodium acetate was used as carbon source, glycogen decreased during the stationary phase, and the other two did not change significantly. The intensity of fluorescent substances varies greatly with the type of carbon source. The fluorescent substances in the effluent are mainly tyrosine-like and protein-like substances, fulvic acid-like substances and humic acid-like substances. Therefore, the suitable carbon source type should be selected according to the microbial characteristics in the water treatment process to improve the treatment efficiency.

Management of powdery mildew of linseed by using plant defence inducers

A field experiment was conducted during Rabi 2019-2020 at AICRP on Linseed and Mustard College of Agriculture Nagpur to study the impact of plant defence inducers product on disease control in linseed. Among the ten different treatment tested the standard check hexaconazole (0.1%) followed by Seed treatment with salicylic Acid at 100 ppm + Foliar spray of sodium propionate (1%) was found most effective in minimizing the severity of powdery mildew 25.68 % and 29.39% respectively and significantly superior. Seed treatment with salicylic Acid at 50 ppm + Foliar spray of sodium propionate (1%) and Seed treatment with salicylic Acid at 100 ppm + Foliar spray of salicylic acid at 100 ppm and were remain at par with each other in reducing the disease intensity over control (62.90%). Maximum seed yield 1334 kg/ha was obtained with hexaconazole (0.1%) followed by Seed treatment with salicylic Acid at 100 ppm + Foliar spray of sodium propionate (1%) (1210 kg/ha).The highest ICBR (5.68) was recorded with hexaconazole (0.1%) i.e. 8.87 followed by Seed treatment with salicylic Acid at 100 ppm + Foliar spray of sodium propionate(1%).