Effective capacity analysis of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces aided NOMA network

The future sixth generation (6G) is going to face the significant challenges of massive connections and green communication. Recently, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) have been proposed as two key technologies to solve the above problems. Motivated by this fact, we consider a downlink RIS-aided NOMA system, where the source aims to communicate with the two NOMA users via RIS. Considering future network supporting real-time service, we investigate the system performance with the view of effective capacity (EC), which is an important evaluation metric of delay sensitive systems. Specifically, we derive the analytical expressions of the EC of the near and far users. To obtain more useful insights, we deduce the analytical approximation expressions of the EC in the low signal-to-noise-ratio approximation by utilizing Taylor expansion. Moreover, we provide the results of orthogonal multiple access (OMA) for the purpose of comparison. It is found that (1) The number of RIS components and the transmission power of the source have important effects on the performance of the considered system; (2) Compared with OMA, NOMA system has higher EC due to the short transmission time.

VLSI Implementation of Green Computing Control Unit on Zynq FPGA for Green Communication

The issue of the energy shortage is affecting the entire planet. This is occurring because of massive population and industry growth around the world. As a result, the entire world is attempting to implement green networking systems and manufacture the power/energy efficient products. This research work discusses the green networking system technologies. This work introduces a power-efficient control unit (CU) design and implemented on the Zynq SoC (System on Chip) ultrascale field programmable gate array (FPGA). The VIVADO HLx Design Suite is used to simulate and analyze the CU model which is considered as one of the key components of central processing unit (CPU), used for data communication purposes. The CU is made suitable for the green communication by making it power-efficient. Therefore, the power consumption of the CU is analyzed for the various set frequency value ranging between 100 MHz and 5 GHz, and it is discovered that as the clock frequency rises up, the total power consumption also tends to get increased. The total power of the proposed model is reduced by 77.42%, 21.29%, and 17.93% from three models, respectively, being compared in the present paper. Final results shows that the CU is better suited to run at low frequencies to optimize power consumption.

“Young and Green” a Study of Consumers’ Perceptions and Reported Purchasing Behaviour towards Organic Food in Poland and the United Kingdom

Globally, the organic food market is the most successful green market. Young consumers, the decision-makers of the future, are perceived as being more environmentally concerned than older cohorts. The aim of this study was to consider young consumers’ attitudes and behaviours concerning organic food, where the organic food market in the UK is more mature than in Poland. Empirical research was conducted using a web-based survey questionnaire (CAWI) with consumers (n = 973) in both countries. The associations between four constructs (general pro-social attitudes, green consumption values, receptivity to green communication, and buying behaviour) were considered using CB-SEM. We extended the model with two new constructs to explain young consumers’ purchases of organic food. UK respondents are significantly more conscious green consumers with higher environmental attitude intensity than Polish residents. Intensity of pro-environmental attitude components influences directly and indirectly the choice of organic food. People with a higher intensity of pro-environmental attitudes are significantly more likely to choose organic food. Perception of organic food influences purchases only in Poland. The components of pro-environmental attitudes and perception of organic food alone do not explain the variability in behaviour, despite a good fit of the model. This suggests that other independent variables may be of influence.

Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer using Green Communication Based on 5G Wireless Communication

Simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) has given new opportunities for dealing with the energe shortage problem in wireless networks.Green transmission for 5G cellular networks of mobile cloud access networks based on SWIPT is being examined. Considering SWIPT as a future potential solution for increasing the battery life, this technique improves energy efficiency (EE). One of the technologies is wireless communication to transfter the power used to give sufficient resources to energy-constrained networks that have consequences for 5G and the internet of things (IoT), energy efficiency, co-operative communication and suitable are supported by the SWIPT. To enhance the capacity, data rate improvement, and better performance of quality of services of further networks. In addition to these criteria, it is also our moral responsibility to protect the environment of wireless networks by lowering power usage. As a result, green communication is a critical requirement. We looked at a variety of strategies for power optimization in the impending 5G network in this article. The utilization of relays and microcells to enhance the network’s energy efficiency is the main focus. The many relaying scenarios for next-generation networks have been discussed.

Green Communication Infrastructure (GCI) Serving Different Smart City Applications

Aims: The aim of the Green Communication Infrastructure ‎‎(GCI) project is to understand the idea of a self ‎‎"sustainably" controlled correspondence foundation ‎fitting for smart city application fields. ‎ Background: This paper shows the endeavors to understand the idea of a ‎self "sustainably" energized communication foundation ‎fitting for smart city application fields. The recommended ‎Green Communication Infrastructure (CGI) comprises ‎different kinds of remote settled (or even versatile) hubs ‎performing diverse activities as per the application ‎requests. An imperative class of these hubs is the Wireless ‎Solar Router (WSR). Objective: The work in this venture was begun in 2009 with the aim ‎of demonstrating the essential advances that must be taken to ‎accomplish such framework and to proclaim the value of ‎embracing natural vitality assets in building mission ‎basic frameworks. Alternate destinations of this venture ‎are introducing a sensibly cost, solid, verified, and simple ‎to introduce correspondence foundation.‎ Method: The arrangement to actualize the GCI was accomplished ‎subsequent to passing two structure levels: device level and ‎system level. Result: The suggested system is highly applicable and serves a wide ‎range of smart city application fields and hence many ‎people and organizations can utilize this system. ‎ Conclusion: The presence of a reliable, secured, low cost, easy to install ‎and self-powered communication infrastructure is ‎mandatory in our nowadays. The communities in ‎developing countries or in rural areas need such a system ‎highly in order to communicate with other people in the ‎world which will affect positively their social and ‎economic situation.