Police Supervision: In search for the origins

The article analyzes the formation of personalized police supervision. The author concludes that the foundations of police supervision were laid in France. With the development of the theory of rights and freedoms, the introduction of a number of changes in legislation concerning the search for improving administrative supervision, the French Republic abandoned personalized police supervision in favor of resettlement of repeat offenders to the overseas territories of the metropolis.

“I’m Doing Well in the Center of Siberian World under Strict Police Supervision…”: F.I. Knauer’s Letters from his Tomsk Exile in 1915–1917 Part 2 (letters 8–21)

The article introduces the letters of the Professor of the Kiev University, Sanskrit scholar Fyodor Ivanovich (Friedrich) Knauer (18491917) sent by him to his colleague, philologist Vladimir Nikolaevich Peretz. They are now housed at the Personal Fund of V.N.Peretz in the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art (RGALI. Fond 1277. Inv.1. F.35). This set of letters is undoubtedly of great importance because, among other things, we have no other surviving epistolary heritage of the scholar. Revealing the authors personality, the letters (there are only 21 of them) acquaint us to some extent with his inner world. Until recently, F.I.Knauers biography, especially the years of his exile, was full of blank spots which we can finally fill. The entire sequence of events relating to Knauers arrest, up to his arrival in Tomsk and life in Siberia, is presented by him as an uninterrupted narrative. The letters give us an idea of relations between the scholar, when he was out of favor, and his colleagues, friends, common people, local and higher authorities. They provide reliable documentary evidence of the terrible misfortune of a sincere person, who fell victim to a complicated political period.

“I’m Doing Well in the Center of Siberian World under Strict Police Supervision…”: F.I. Knauer’ Letters from His Tomsk Exile in 1915–1917

The article introduces the letters of the Professor of Kiev University, Sanskrit scholar Fyodor Ivanovich (Friedrich) Knauer (18491917) sent by him to his colleague, philologist Vladimir Nikolaevich Peretz. They are now housed at the Personal Fund of V.N. Peretz in the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art (RGALI. Fond 1277. Inv. 1. F. 35). This set of letters is undoubtedly of great importance because, among other things, we have no other surviving epistolary heritage of the scholar. Revealing the authors personality, the letters (there are only 21 of them) acquaint us to some extent with his inner world. Until recently, F.I. Knauers biography, especially the years of his exile, was full of blank spots which we can finally fill. The entire sequence of events relating to Knauers arrest, up to his arrival in Tomsk and life in Siberia, is presented by him as an uninterrupted narrative. The letters give us an idea of relations between the scholar, when he was out of favor, and his colleagues, friends, common people, local and higher authorities. They provide reliable documentary evidence of the terrible misfortune of a sincere person, who fell a victim to a complicated political period. The letters may also be regarded as sketches of Siberians everyday life. The present article includes 7 letters out of 21, the others are to be published in the next issue of the Journal.

VYATKA DISTRICT ZEMSTVO POST: ORGANIZATION AND SPECIFICS FROM THE LATE 1860s TO THE EARLY 1900s

Vyatka district zemstvo post was established in December 1868. It was relegated from police supervision to Zemskaya Uprava. Zemstvo post establishment became necessary to connect Vyatka and the countryside. There wasn’t the state post in the countryside. Vyatka district territory was divided into two post regions. Each region had postmen. The period of Vyatka zemstvo post establishment peaked in the late 1860s - early 1870s. The amount of simple correspondence was small. Vyatka zemstvo post experienced rapid growth from 1890s to the early 1900s. The number of private letters, periodical press, parcels, registered and money orders increased significantly. Vyatka district zemstvo was interested in the state post development in order to relieve zemstvo budget and increase the availability of postal communications. In 1910-1912s Zemskaya Uprava has developed a project to expand the network of state postal institutions with the financial support of the zemstvo. The project realization allowed eliminating Vyatka district zemstvo post in August 1913.

Olga Aleksandrovna Shleisner-Natanson: Life and Revolutionary Activity

The work is dedicated to the life and work of Olga Aleksandrovna Shleisner – the daughter of a retired officer, landowner of the Oryol province, who became a member of one of the populist circles, and then the wife of M. A. Nathanson. She played a very important role in the formation of the first populist organizations, while she spent most of her life under police supervision and in custody. To compile her biography, documentary materials of the Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Justice were used. The article discusses the vicissitudes of her life in exile with her husband, as well as their joint activities to form the “Land and Freedom” party, their arrests and imprisonment. Some attention was also paid to the family members of Olga Alexandrovna – her father, brothers and sister, who were with her throughout her short life.