Conventional and Non-conventional Smoking on Microbial Quality and Histamine of Ikan Fufu (Smoked Fish)

Fish is a commodity with high nutritional value. The content of this nutritional value causes fish to be easy to decompose. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and process skipjack fufu (smoked skipjack) fish that improve the quality of smoked skipjack tuna (smoked skipjack) chemically, microbiologically, and with low histamine content. The purpose of this study was to determine the chemical, microbiological, and histamine quality of smoked fish with conventional and non-conventional smoking. This type of research was a quantitative study with a randomized block design. This research is a laboratory experiment with two treatments, namely conventional and non-conventional methods equipped with three replications and three blocks. The results of the test on the third day (H3) and the ninth day (H9) of storage showed that there was no growth of Salmonella sp. and Vibrio cholera in smoked fish samples with conventional (P2) and non-conventional (P1) smoking techniques. There were differences in non-conventional and conventional smoking on the histamine content in smoked fish. Conclusion. There was no growth of Salmonella sp and Vibrio cholera in smoked fish. There is a difference in the histamine content of conventional (P2) and non-conventional (P1) smoking techniques in smoked fish.

DIAGNOSA VIBRIO CHOLERAE DENGAN METODE KULTUR DAN PCR PADA SAMPEL SUMBER AIR MINUM

Acute diarrhea due to infection can be caused by a bacterial, viral or parasitic infection. One of the bacteria that causes diarrhea is Vibrio cholerae and usually the diarrhea caused is called cholera diarrhea. Cholera diarrhea is caused by enterotoxins produced by V. cholerae bacteria and forms colonies inside the small intestine. Symptoms include vomiting, defecation such as large amounts of rice water resulting in dehydration, electrolyte loss and increased blood acidity. In severe cases, the sufferer continuously defecates accompanied by vomiting, so that the sufferer will lose fluids and electrolytes quickly from the gastrointestinal tract. This leads to a rationing of metabolic acidity and when left untreated can lead to death. V. cholerae bacteria are not invasive, do not enter the bloodstream but remain in the intestinal tract. At the time of infection through contaminated food and beverages ingested, then after passing through the stomach acid defense V. cholerae produces two virulence factors that cause cholera, namely coregulated pilus toxin (TCP) and cholera toxin (CT). The existence of specific enterotoxin cholera only found in V. cholerae pathogens can be targeted in laboratory tests for the diagnosis of pathogenic V. cholerae bacteria using biomolecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. From the results of the examination of drinking water samples at the drinking water depot around the bottom of the pakam, obtained the results of the PCR examination confirmed by electrophorensis is 302 bp, which means that in the sample there are bacteria that are identic with Vibrio cholera.

Synthesis and Antimicrobial activity of Piperazine analogues containing [1, 3, 4] Thiadiazole ring

A new series of piperazine-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole has been synthesized, purified and characterized with the help of their analytical and spectral data. Structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR and mass spectroscopy. The potential antimicrobial effects of the synthesized compounds were investigated using Vibrio cholera and Bacillus subtilis. The newly synthesized compounds exhibited capable activities against Vibrio cholera and Bacillus subtilis and it showed minimum inhibitory concentration. In this study, few compounds showed appreciable antibacterial activity. The compound PT6 shows highly significant antibacterial and good inhibition as compared to the standard drug.

Novel PhoH-encoding vibriophages with lytic activity against environmental Vibrio strains

Cholera is a devastating diarrheal disease that accounts for more than 10% of children’s lives worldwide, but its treatment is hampered by a rise in antibiotic resistance. One promising alternative to antibiotic therapy is the use of bacteriophages to treat antibiotic-resistant cholera infections, and control Vibrio cholera in clinical cases and in the environment, respectively. Here, we report four novel, closely related environmental myoviruses, VP4, VP6, VP18, and VP24, which we isolated from two environmental toxigenic Vibrio cholerae strains from river Kuja and Usenge beach in Kenya. High-throughput sequencing followed by bioinformatics analysis indicated that the genomes of the four bacteriophages have closely related sequences, with sizes of 148,180 bp, 148,181 bp, 148,179 bp, and 148,179 bp, and a G + C content of 36.4%. The four genomes carry the phoH gene, which is overrepresented in marine cyanophages. The isolated phages displayed a lytic activity against 15 environmental, as well as one clinical, Vibrio cholerae strains. Thus, these novel lytic vibriophages represent potential biocontrol candidates for water decontamination against pathogenic Vibrio cholerae and ought to be considered for future studies of phage therapy.

Antimicrobial study of in-vitro generated Withania somnifera leaf extract

The objective of this work is to study the antimicrobial effect of in-vitro grown leaf extracts of Withania somnifera (L.) against some selected known microorganisms and the use of its constituents present there for the preparation of therapeutic compounds. This is evaluated by using zone of inhibition studies and minimum inhibitory concentration. The microorganisms used include Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhimurium, Vibrio cholera and Candida parapsilosis. Inhibition zones of plant extracts were compared with standard antibiotics like Neomycin, and Kanamycin. Inhibition zones are revealed by methanol extract which is comparatively more than the ethanol extract. For methanol extract, Salmonella typhimurium shows the highest inhibition zone (25.13±0.52) whereas Vibrio cholera shows the least inhibition zone (21.33±0.53). The same extract shows maximum antimicrobial activity against Salmonella typhimurium followed by Candida parapsilosis and Shigella flexneri. These possibilities can build-up a novel idea in the preparation of pharmaceutical products.

Bacterial Contamination at Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopeanaeus vannamei) in Aquaculture

Indonesia has a very high biodiversity, which has later become one of the natural products of interest to the international community, including fishery products. One of the high-demand Indonesian fishery products is whiteleg shrimp Litopeaneus vannamei. However, safety food Exported whiteleg shrimp products must meet the criteria, including free from bacterial contamination such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Vibrio cholera. This study attemptted to analyze E. coli, Salmonella, V. cholerae contamination in 3 ponds in Bojo, Cilellang, and Palanro Village in District Malusetasi, Barru Regency, South Sulawesi. Two samplings for each pond were conducted in the morning were pond water and fresh whiteleg shrimp. SNI 2728-2018 specifies the quality and safety requirements for fresh shrimp. This standard applies to whole or headless fresh shrimp handled from fresh shrimp and does not apply to fresh shrimp that has undergone further processing. Based on SNI 2728-2018, the E. coli test showed positive in Cilellang Village (sample A) with 11 MPN/g, negative in Palanro Village (sample B) and in Bojo village (sample C) with the value of <2 MPN/g. Escherichia coli test showed positive in sample D (Vannamei shrimp in Cilellang Village) and sample E (Vannamei shrimp in Palanro Village) with 2.0 MPN/g, 17 MPN/g, respectively. Only sample F (Vannamei shrimp in Bojo village ) showed a negative result. As for the Salmonella test, positive results showed in sample A, while sample B and sample C showed negative results. The Vibrio cholerae test showed negative at all samples. . This study concludes that Whiteleg shrimp from ponds in Mallusetasi District is classified as safe for consumption.

STUDIES ON THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF ROSA INDICA L.

Medicinal plants are extensively used in traditional medicine to cure various infectious diseases in human. Plant based natural constituents can be derived from any part of the plant like bark, leaves, flowers, roots, fruits, seeds, etc. Medicinal plants are commonly used in the cure of diseases since times immemorial. In the present study methanol, chloroform and aqueous extracts of Rosa indica L. leaf were subjected for antimicrobial activity by well-diffusion method in the case of evaluate the antibacterial activity of Petroleum ether extract of Rosa indica L.extract against gram-positive cultures include B. cereus, B. subtilis. Gram-negative cultures include Vibrio cholera, Klebsiella pneumonia. The maximum antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus (Zone of inhibition in mm 14.2), B. subtilis (zone of inhibition 13.1) and athanolic the lowest activity against Vibrio cholera (Zone of inhibition 12.6), Klebsiella pneumonia (Zone of inhibition 12.3). The gram positive bacteria more susceptible than the gram negative bacteria. The phytochemical characteristics of Rosa indica L. plants tested were summarized in the, it could be seen that, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosids, Flavonoids, Saponins (Foam test) Amino acids , Terpenoids, Phenols and Tannins were present in Rose indica plant extract.