Conjunction, deduction and their effect on semantic cohesion Study in Alkhasaes book

Language is a coherent system that is subject to many relationships, and the sentence is the most important linguistic structure in this system. Words do not perform a function on their own. Rather, their function becomes clear when the parts capable of carrying the meaning are fused into the interconnected sentence and by the convergence of interconnected sentences a coherent text is formed. Therefore, modern linguistics has tended to study the necessity. Text beyond is a network of sentences linked by multiple linguistic relationships. The aim of the research is to highlight the role of linkage in the construction and cohesion of the text by addressing the links of succession and conclusion for their clear effect on the coherence and harmony of the text. The importance of research appears through monitoring and following up the succession and conclusion links and showing how they are used in building texts. The most prominent expected results are: It turns out that most of the deduction links consist of words and phrases, while most of the sequence links consist of letters and a few words. The researcher also found that succession links are always more used in texts than deduction links.

Third-party punishers do not compete to be chosen as partners in an experimental game

Third-party punishment is thought to act as an honest signal of cooperative intent and such signals might escalate when competing to be chosen as a partner. Here, we investigate whether partner choice competition prompts escalating investment in third-party punishment. We also consider the case of signalling via helpful acts to provide a direct test of the relative strength of the two types of signals. Individuals invested more in third-party helping than third-party punishment and invested more in both signals when observed compared to when investments would be unseen. We found no clear effect of partner choice (over and above mere observation) on investments in either punishment or helping. Third-parties who invested more than a partner were preferentially chosen for a subsequent Trust Game although the preference to interact with the higher investor was more pronounced in the help than in the punishment condition. Third-parties who invested more were entrusted with more money and investments in third-party punishment or helping reliably signalled trustworthiness. Individuals who did not invest in third-party helping were more likely to be untrustworthy than those who did not invest in third-party punishment. This supports the conception of punishment as a more ambiguous signal of cooperative intent compared to help.

Syllable Structure Effects in Word Recognition by Spanish- and German-Speaking Second Language Learners of English

Previous findings in the literature point to the influence that speech perception has on word recognition. However, which specific aspects of the first (L1) and second language (L2) mapping play the most important role is still not fully understood. This study explores whether, and if so, how, L1-L2 syllable-structure differences affect word recognition. Spanish- and German-speaking English learners completed an AXB and a word-monitoring task in English that manipulated the presence of a vowel in words with /s/-initial consonant clusters—e.g., especially versus specially. The results show a clear effect of L1 on L2 learners’ perception and word recognition, with the German group outperforming the Spanish one. These results indicate that the similarity in the syllable structure between English and German fosters positive transfer in both perception and word recognition despite the inexact segmental mapping.

The Inhibitory Activity of Curcumin on P-Glycoprotein and Its Uptake by and Efflux from LS180 Cells Is Not Affected by Its Galenic Formulation

The biological activities of curcumin in humans, including its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory functions, are limited by its naturally low bioavailability. Different formulation strategies have been developed, but the uptake of curcumin from these galenic formulations into and efflux from intestinal cells, which may be critical processes limiting bioavailability, have not been directly compared. Furthermore, little is known about their effect on P-glycoprotein activity, an important determinant of the pharmacokinetics of potentially co-administered drugs. P-glycoprotein activity was determined in LS180 cells, incubated with 30 or 60 µmol/L of curcumin in the form of seven different formulations or native curcuma extract for 1 h. All formulations inhibited P-glycoprotein activity at both concentrations. Curcumin uptake, after 1 h incubation of LS180 cells with the formulations (60 µmol/L), showed significant variability but no consistent effects. After 1 h pre-treatment with the formulations and further 8 h with curcumin-free medium, curcumin in cell culture supernatants, reflecting the efflux, differed between individual formulations, again without a clear effect. In conclusion, curcumin inhibits P-glycoprotein activity independently of its formulation. Its uptake by and efflux from intestinal cells was not significantly different between formulations, indicating that these processes are not important regulatory points for its bioavailability.

Immunization-campaign reaction of Saudi Arabia citizens and residents during first six months of Coronavirus vaccine existence

The COVID 19 vaccine provide acquired personal immunity against Coronavirus, its effectiveness is the risk of vaccinated participants compared with unvaccinated, reduces Coronavirus infections, efficacy preventing Coronavirus infections 95%. The aim was to prove Coronavirus vaccine effectiveness during the first period six months, that was approved from WHO for KSA, as well immunization-campaign was started at 17/12/2020. So to clarify the extent of its impact on protecting the societal immunity of KSA society. The "Study Proficiency" as used on all persons in KSA, the “Intentional Physical" was prepared the questionnaires. All participants were 100% citizens and residents of KSA was showed the importance of the research topic in the KSA societal immunity. About 96% was agreed that the Coronavirus vaccine exists in KSA, 94% was explained the extent feel protected from Coronavirus infections as a result of taking the Coronavirus vaccine. About half, 46% had received the Coronavirus vaccine, 94% was explained the importance of the Coronavirus vaccine for societal immunity protection and reducing Coronavirus infections in the KSA society. While 92% was urged those who refuse the Coronavirus vaccine to take it, 85% was found an improvement in the KSA societal immunity status of society. About 92% was helped to follow the societal immunity regulations of the Coronavirus vaccine. Showed 96% was confirmed the continuation of societal immunity precautions during the Coronavirus vaccine in the immunization-campaign for vaccination period. That of 84% was affirmed Coronavirus system should be pursued in other countries in order to reduce Coronavirus infections. That found 52% was advising to follow “Precautionary Health Strategy”, 26% was recommended the Coronavirus vaccine must taken to protect the individual and the KSA society, and 14% was protection by medication or therapeutic supplements such as vitamins. It was concluded that the Coronavirus vaccine had a clear effect on protecting the individuals health and societal immunity in the KSA society during first six months of Coronavirus vaccine existence. Despite the presence of a very small number of individuals rejecting the Coronavirus vaccine. It was recommend that the Coronavirus vaccine in the KSA had demonstrated its effectiveness, and therefore citizens and residents must take the Coronavirus vaccine to preserve the KSA individuals society health and societal immunity

Are drug consumption facilities an effective intervention to reduce drug related mortality? A critical review of the literature

AimsTo critically appraise the literature regarding the effect of Drug Consumption Facilities in reducing overdose mortalityDrug consumption facilities (DCF) are places where people can use illicit drugs in the presence of medically trained staff, they aim to reduce fatal overdose risk, reduce risky injecting practices, and to serve as a bridge for users into mainstream treatment, healthcare and social services. Increasing numbers of fatal overdoses due to illicit drug use are a significant public health concern. The UK's statutory independent advisory body (the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs) has recommended DCFs as a mechanism to reduce fatal overdoses due to illicit drugs. However, current UK legislation prohibits their provision.MethodSystematic extraction of relevant literature from PubMed, using a search string with a focus on observational cohort studies with fatal overdose as the outcome. Appraisal of identified papers using the CASP toolResult184 papers were identified, two of these met the inclusion criteria. Quality was fair/good. Neither demonstrated a clear effect of DCFs in reducing overdose mortalityConclusionIt is difficult to draw firm conclusions due to design weaknesses and potential confounding variables. Robust design is difficult in this research area, due to lack of suitability for RCTs. Despite the lack of a clear effect on overdose mortality, DCFs may exert other positive effects and are a pragmatic and humane response to reducing risk in this target population

The effects of KIBS outsourcing on Aragon firms’ efficiency

The use of Knowledge Intensive Business Services (KIBS) has become an essential element for competitiveness in modern economies. New competitive advantages often relate to capacity of innovation, the correct use of information and communication technologies, product design or market analysis, among others. The activities related to these new advantages require a great specialization in order to obtain high levels of efficiency. This is the main reason that explains the general tendency to contract externally KIBS. Nevertheless, externalisation is not necessarily a guarantee of efficiency. This paper focuses on Aragon, with a relatively under-developed supply of KIBS, and explores the effect of the use and external provision of these services on regional firms’ efficiency. We use a database of tertiary and secondary firms and apply a non-parametric approach, the DEA technique, to this analysis. Results show that the mere use of KIBS has no clear effect on efficiency, but such a clear effect can be observed when some types of these activities are externally consumed.

Exploring Whether Wireless Emergency Alerts Can Help Impede the Spread of Covid-19

This study offers a preliminary exploration of whether state-level (N=6) and local-level (N=53) Wireless Emergency Alert (WEA) messages might contribute to impeding the spread of Covid-19 in the United States. The study compares changes in reported rates of infections and deaths between states and localities that issued WEA messages in March and April of 2020 with states that did not. Small sample sizes and differences in the rates of Covid-19 spread prohibit robust statistical analysis and detection of clear effect sizes, but estimated effects are generally in the right direction.

Effects of pH on filtration of freshwater pearl mussel Lamellidens marginalis, Lamarck (Bivalvia: Unionidae) under laboratory conditions

The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of pH on the filtration rate of freshwater pearlmussel Lamellidens marginalis under laboratory conditions. Three treatments were used in triplicate;treatment 1 (T1) at pH 7.5, treatment 2 (T2) at pH 8.0 and treatment 3 (T3) at pH 8.5. Ten mussels werestocked in each aquarium with continuous aeration. After 48 hours, 40 ml eutrophicated water having 34.75 x105 to 36.0 x 105 cells/ml of phytoplankton were provided in each aquarium. Initial concentration ofphytoplankton was 14400±360.55, 13900±360.55 and 14133± 404.14 cells/ml, whereas the finalconcentrations were 10300±100.00, 8300±200.00 and 10333±57.73 cells/ml in T1, T2 and T3, respectively.The reduction rate was consistently lower in T2 when compared to other treatments. Mussels of T2 (pH 8.0)exhibited significantly higher filtration rate (p<0.05) over T1 (pH 7.5) and T3 (pH 8.5) at all sampling times.The minimum filtration rate 58.03±32.79 ml/mussel/h was found in T3 after 1 h exposure, whereas thehighest filtration rate 110.94 ± 21.68 ml/mussel/h was obtained in T2 after 2 h exposure. The resultsconcluded that the pH has a clear effect on feeding habit of freshwater pearl mussel and pH 8 providesenvironment friendly to maximize the filtration of L. marginalis.