Third-party punishers do not compete to be chosen as partners in an experimental game

Third-party punishment is thought to act as an honest signal of cooperative intent and such signals might escalate when competing to be chosen as a partner. Here, we investigate whether partner choice competition prompts escalating investment in third-party punishment. We also consider the case of signalling via helpful acts to provide a direct test of the relative strength of the two types of signals. Individuals invested more in third-party helping than third-party punishment and invested more in both signals when observed compared to when investments would be unseen. We found no clear effect of partner choice (over and above mere observation) on investments in either punishment or helping. Third-parties who invested more than a partner were preferentially chosen for a subsequent Trust Game although the preference to interact with the higher investor was more pronounced in the help than in the punishment condition. Third-parties who invested more were entrusted with more money and investments in third-party punishment or helping reliably signalled trustworthiness. Individuals who did not invest in third-party helping were more likely to be untrustworthy than those who did not invest in third-party punishment. This supports the conception of punishment as a more ambiguous signal of cooperative intent compared to help.

STI direct test method based on wavelet transform to extract envelope

Speech transmission index (STI for short) is an important index to evaluate the quality of speech transmission of the room, it can better reflect the degree of voice signal affected by room reverberation and noise in the transmission process.This paper presents an algorithm for directly measuring STI index, white noise is filtered by Paul Kellet filter to generate pink noise, the signal envelope is extracted by wavelet transform, which improves the extraction accuracy of signal envelope and makes the measurement of STI index more accurate.

EXPRESS: Misretrieval but not misrepresentation: A feature misbinding account of post-interpretive effects in number attraction.

Attraction effects in comprehension have reliably shown a grammaticality asymmetry in which mismatching plural attractors confer facilitatory interference for ungrammatical verbs but no processing cost for grammatical verbs (Tanner et al., 2014; Wagers et al., 2009). While this has favored cue-based retrieval accounts of attraction phenomena in comprehension, Patson and Husband (2016) offered offline evidence suggesting comprehenders systematically misrepresent number information in attraction phrases, leaving open the possibility for faulty NP representations later in processing. The current study employs two self-paced reading discourse experiments to test for number attraction misrepresentations in real-time. Specifically, the attraction phrases occurred as embedded direct object phrases, allowing for a direct test of the role of attractor noun number in head noun number misrepresentation (i.e. no number cue from verb). Although no on-line evidence for misrepresentation was found, a third single-sentence RSVP experiment showed error rates to offline probes corroborating the post-interpretive findings from Patson and Husband (2016), suggesting that a search in memory for associative features may not employ the same processes as the formation of dependencies in discourse comprehension. The findings are discussed in the framework of feature misbinding in memory in line with recent post-interpretive accounts of offline comprehension errors.

Opposition fragmentation facilitates electoral accountability. Evidence from a survey experiment

Which is better for electoral accountability: a fragmented opposition that gives plenty of alternatives or an opposition with fewer stronger parties? While oppositions play a key role in democracies, the effect of opposition fragmentation on accountability remains unclear. On the one hand, fragmentation may enhance accountability by providing voters with ideologically close alternatives. On the other hand, increased fragmentation could make coordination over strong viable alternatives more difficult. In this study, I present an original survey experiment designed to test whether fragmentation of the opposition enhances accountability. Moreover, to assess the specific conditions under which fragmentation may enhance accountability, I distinguish between ideologues and pragmatic voters, and differentiate between ideological and valence issues. Results show that opposition fragmentation enhances accountability, particularly for ideologues. Lastly, I present a direct test of the mechanisms that demonstrates that fragmentation improves accountability because marginal gains in ideological proximity outweigh losses in viability.

The Use of the Direct Test on Substrate in the Assessment of Phytotoxicity of Foundry Waste

The article presents the results of phytotoxicity tests on foundry dust and landfilled waste. Currently, all of this waste is being reused. The results supplement the previous study on the phytotoxicity of waste leachate. The research has focused on phytotoxicity tests performed directly on the waste. Watercress (Lepidium sativum L.) was used as the test plant. The germination test (GI) and the accumulation test were used to assess phytotoxicity. The results show that the dust from electric furnaces, classified as hazardous waste, was the most phytotoxic. Most of the dust samples inhibited germination and root growth. A possible cause of this phytotoxicity was the high content of heavy metals and low pH. The phytotoxicity were different from previous studies on waste leachate. A lower phytotoxicity effect was found for those waste leachates. The differences could have been caused by the higher concentration of toxic substances available to plants in the direct test. Moreover, the direct contact of sprouts and roots of L. sativum could have contributed to the higher phytotoxicity of the wastes than the leachate. Therefore, it seems appropriate to use both tests simultaneously to assess the phytotoxicity of waste.

The General Factors of Personality Disorder, Psychopathology, and Personality

There is considerable interest in the study of the general factors of personality disorder (g-PD), psychopathology (p factor), and personality (GFP). One prominent interpretation of the g-PD is that it is defined by the self-interpersonal impairments of Criterion A of the DSM-5 Section III. However, no study has directly tested this hypothesis as no prior g-PD study has included a measure of Criterion A. The current study provides a direct test of this hypothesis, along with comparing g-PD with the general factors of psychopathology and personality. Also extracted was a common general factor across all three domains. Suggested herein is that the g-PD, the p factor, and the GFP reflect the impairments (e.g., social and occupational dysfunction) that are secondary to the traits and disorders rather than the traits and/or disorders themselves.

The Effect Of Multiball Training On The Precision Of Forehand Button In Table Tennis Extracurricular Students Of Sma Negeri 7 Bengkulu City

This study aims to determine the effect of multiball training on forehand accuracy in table tennis extracurricular students. This research was conducted at SMA Negeri 7 Bengkulu City. In this study using a Quasi experimental method (quasi experimental). The design used was one group pretest posttest design, that is, pretest was done before treatment and posttest was done after treatment. The treatment given was multiball training with various variations. This design requires a group without comparison. The population in this study amounted to 16 students, the sample selection used a total sampling technique where the entire population was taken as the research sample. The data collection technique in this study was the direct test method, namely using the 1x pretest, 14x trials and 1x posttest in table tennis. The statistical prerequisite test fulfills the requirements that the data is normally distributed based on statistical counts. The results obtained from the data t count 142.13 and t table 2.13145 with a level of = 0.05. The results of this study indicate that there is an effect of multiball training on forehand accuracy in table tennis extracurricular students at SMA Negeri 7 Bengkulu City, so it can be concluded that multiball training affects the improvement of forehand accuracy in table tennis extracurricular students.

The Effect Of Up And Down Standard Exercise On The Results Of The Squat Style Lop On Extracurricular Participants Of Sma Negeri 6 South Bengkulu

This research purpose to know the influence practice up and down stairs to result long jump style squat, this research was conduct on the square SMA Negeri 6 Bengkulu Selatan.in student follow extracullicular long jump, this study uses an experimental method, the design used is the design of one group pretest-posttest, that is pretest before given treatment and posttest after being treated. the treatment given there is one exercise up and down stairs. Data collection techniques in this study with the direct test method that is using the long jump, statistical prerequite tests meet5 homogeneous requirements and normally distribute data based on statistical calculations obtained from the data count = 5.664> T_(table= )2.064 with the level = 0.05. The result of this study indicates on the ability of the extracurricular SMA Negeri 6 Bemgkulu Selatan.