Deletion discussions on Hebrew Wikipedia: Negotiating global and local ideologies

Much research has documented how global technologies and platforms are part of specific cultures and reflect local values. In this study, I examine the case of Hebrew Wikipedia as representative of localization that is neither top-down (producer-driven) nor bottom-up (user-driven); but rather, it is implemented by mid-level, self-selecting bureaucratic administrators in an ongoing process that is driven by their own perceptions of Wikipedia’s mission. Through an analysis of Hebrew Wikipedia’s deletion discussion pages—in which editors decide what information should be excluded from Wikipedia—I demonstrate how national ideology customarily triumphs over the global, communitarian ethos of the Wikipedia project. Even when decisions are aligned with a more “global” agenda, editors still portray their choices as congruent with the national cause through strategic use of depersonalized discourses about Wikipedia’s policies. I thus argue that global, seemingly “neutral” policies can provide a discursive framework that conceals questions about the power of local ideologies.

Reforms by Peter the Great as a Model for Japan in the Writings of the Late Edo Period

The first knowledge about Peter the Great seems to penetrate into Japan during the lifetime of this Russian emperor, as early as the beginning of the 18th century. However, it was only after first attempts of Siberian merchants to start trade relations with Japan’s northernmost domain of Matsumae when Japanese intellectuals began to study Russia and its history. By the end of the century, the image of Peter the Great as an outstanding ruler had formed in Japan, with his main achievement being the expansion of the country’s territory, after which European Russia suddenly shared a border with northern Japan. Katsuragawa Hoshu, a court physician and the author of one of the first descriptions of Russia, might be the first Japanese who implied Peter the Great’s activities as a model for Japan, pointing out his politics in spreading the foreign trade. Japanese intellectuals of the first half of the 19th century continued to use Peter the Great’s reforms as a possible model for Japan. Watanabe Kazan (1793–1841) in his “Note about the Situation in Foreign Countries” used the Russian emperor as evidence of a leader’s role in winning nature-based and geographical obstacles in a country’s development. Aizawa Seishisai (1782–1863) and later Sakuma Shozan (1811–1864) pointed out Peter’s leadership qualities and personal involvement in reforms. Based on the study of Peter’s activities, Aizawa managed to create the program of Japan’s reforming known as the “New thesis” (“Shinron”, 1825), while Sakuma promoted the necessity of Western learning, especially the development of navy and artillery. This allows to assume a great influence of the study of Peter the Great and Russian history in formulating the ideas of a “rich country and strong army” that became a cornerstone of national ideology in Meiji Japan.

A RECOGNITION MODEL OF NATIONAL LEGAL PLURALISM IN A UNITARY STATE THROUGH THE PRISMATIC THEORY APPROACH

The choice of a unitary state based on Article 1 Section 1 of the 1945 Constitution theoretically always relates to the factor of equality within the state. However, the choice of the Republic of Indonesia as a unitary state is based on the consideration of the pluralism aspects in terms of culture, language, customs, and ethnicity, which brings consequences for the recognition of applicable legal pluralism (Article 18B Section 2 of the 1945 Constitution). This study examines legal pluralism in a unitary state based on the prismatic theory approach to find out its legal recognition model. This study aims at finding an ideal legal pluralism recognition model in a unitary state which has tended to be centralized, such as the implementation of the Basic Agrarian Law that ignores the customary laws. The results of the legal prismatic theory approach are expected to able to fulfill justice in a pluralistic society. In this study, the researcher employed a normative juridical method through a political-law approach to various laws and regulations. Furthermore, the researcher also used a qualitative analysis. The results of this study showed as follows. (1) Politics of law as a guideline for legal development is inconsistent with Pancasila and legal systems that accommodate legal pluralism. As a result, customary law must comply with national law, which indicates the recognition of weak legal pluralism. (2) The recognition model of national legal pluralism through the prismatic theory approach by considering the plurality of the prevailing legal order may create certainty and benefit on the value of justice in society according to national ideology and Pancasila as the soul of the nation. The recommendations of this study are as follows. (1) Legal development should use the recognition model of national legal pluralism through the prismatic theory approach so that certainty and benefit on the value of justice in society can be established according to national ideology and Pancasila as the soul of the nation. (2) The prismatic theory approach can be an alternative solution to the recognition model of legal pluralism in realizing Indonesian national law based on Pancasila as the ideology and spirit of the nation.

A digital territory to be appropriated: the state and the nationalization of cyberspace

Next to land, water, air and space, cyberspace is the complex socio-technical setting often called the ‘fifth domain’. Nationalism has taken over the organization of the first four domains, in the form of constructing national states, national territorial waters and national airspace. The basic proposition of this article is that the ideology of nationalism has also infiltrated the fifth domain – cyberspace – in two ways. First, through state-led cyber-nationalism via official government websites that present ‘national’ achievements and propagate the official state positions on disputes about territory, symbols or history. Second, through individual communities who use the internet to sustain a sense of national belonging and/or to promote and disseminate their nationalist ideals. Both ways are important in an online national identity (re)production framework that, in a fluid, global, modern world, functions supportively towards the traditional national identity (re)production mechanisms. This article aims to examine the patterns of the nationalization of cyberspace through an analysis of state-led institutions and government websites that aim to enhance national identity and the sense of national belonging in a globalized world, as well as to propagate official state positions. It will focus on Greek, Dutch, US and Israeli websites. The term ‘nationalization’ in this context denotes the ideological charging of the cyber-footprint of the nation: how the internet produces and re-produces the nation, how the users partake in the national community by way of ‘consuming’ the digitalized national ideology, and the way cyber-nationalism defines people’s sense of belonging.

Metode Pancasila dalam Menangkal Radikalisme

The rise of the Takfirism phenomenon in society indicates a threatening condition which potentially causes the disintegration of Pancasila. Pancasila as a core value and the basis of national ideology has not been effectively solved the issue of the rise of Takfirism in society. Internal and external factors play an important role in the process of spreading ideas of Takfirism which triggers the emergence of radicalism that eventually leads to acts of terrorism and separatism. The process of searching and finding the right method to build Pancasila as the standard criteria and the validity of values is important to be discussed in the studies and research of Pancasila. This study will explore and describe Pancasila as a method in countering radicalism which is rooted in Takfirism. The method used in this study is a critical study method approach and social phenomenology. The data in this research were obtained through news articles, research reports, study results, scientific journals, and books related to the topic of this research. The result of this research indicates that the Pancasila method as an effort to counter radicalism is very crucial and urgently needed by the state and society in general. Pancasila as a value system and a state system needs to be strengthened by the establishment of the standard criteria and the validity of values that are trustworthy and acknowledged by all social classes.------AbstrakFenomena berkembangnya paham takfirisme yang berada di lingkungan masyarakat telah menunjukkan kondisi yang rawan dan berpotensi pada disintegrasi Pancasila. Pancasila sebagai sumber nilai dan dasar negara belum dapat berperan secara maksimal dalam menangani persoalan maraknya paham takfirisme di kalangan masyarakat. Faktor internal dan eksternal memiliki peran penting dalam proses berkembangnya paham takfirisme yang melahirkan gerakan dan paham radikalisme yang mengarah pada tindakan terorisme dan perpecahan di masyarakat. Proses pencarian dan penemuan metode yang tepat untuk menjadikan Pancasila sebagai standar kriteria dan validitas nilai menjadi penting untuk dideskripsikan dalam kajian dan penelitian tentang kepancasilaan. Studi ini akan mengeksplorasi dan mendeskripsikan tentang Pancasila menjadi metode dalam menangkal paham radikalisme yang berakar dari paham takfirisme. Metode dalam kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan metode kajian kritis dan fenomenologi sosial. Sumber data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini diperoleh dari berita, laporan penelitian, hasil kajian, jurnal ilmiah, dan buku yang berkaitan dengan tema penelitian ini. Hasil yang dicapai dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa metode Pancasila sebagai upaya untuk menangkal radikalisme menjadi sangat penting dan dibutuhkan bagi negara dan masyarakat. Pancasila sebagai sistem nilai dan sistem negara perlu diperkuat dengan pembentukan standar kriteria dan validitas nilai yang dapat dipercaya dan diakui oleh seluruh lapisan masyarakat.

The Influence of National Cultural Attributes on Locally Produced Designs: Case Study of Malaysian Design

This paper examines the influence of national cultural attributes on locally produced designs (i.e. comics, animation, commercial advertisements, printed materials and graphics). Drawing from the inconsistent results of past literature on influences of national cultural attributes on design; it is considered an under-researched area of the important role of cultural values on designs, specifically in the Malaysia context, in which cultural differences among different ethnic groups exist. Because of the paucity of research in this area, this study adopted a quantitative research approach with results derived from the content-analysis of 18 Malaysian designs using a visual preference survey by six experts from the design industry in Malaysia. This study incorporates two stages of sample screenings of a visual preference survey with brief interviews; results show that Malaysian designs need to adhere strictly to requirements and specifications set by the Malaysian authorities; incorporation of Islamic values and code of conduct to reflect the racial harmony and national ideology; and some unique characteristics of the respective ethnic groups in Malaysia were not upheld, thus, they gradually disappeared and/or were blended in the designs. The results and discussion from this study extend the literature on Malaysian design and provide practical implications on how local design industries could produce designs which abide by the boundaries of a Malaysian pluralistic society.

Utilizing Social Media to Implement Indonesia's National Ideology–Pancasila Within Millennials

Introduction: Pancasila is Indonesia’s national ideology that was made through long hours of discussion from June 1st to August 18th in 1945 which contains nation’s values that were meant to guide society to a better future. The young generation of Millennials are known for their skills and are familiar with modern technology, therefore they have a profound understanding of technology usage to utilize Pancasila’s values to the younger generation so they will not forget the struggle and vision of fellow veteran warriors for the nation. Methods: Aiming to know how Millennials work on modern technology such as social media, this article uses literature review methods, reviewing different articles on millennials, social media, digital technology and Pancasila. Results: 14 articles in totals are collected from different topics of millennials, social media, digital technology and Pancasila, resulting in values that Pancasila contains, the Millennials’ role in utilizing Pancasila’s values and taking advantage of social media to utilize Pancasila’s values in Millennials. Conclusion: Pancasila as a nation’s ideology contains values that are guiding society to a better future. As Millennials live and continue the journey to build a better Indonesia, it is necessary to utilize Pancasila’s values through modern technology that Millennials are familiar with like socialmedia so Pancasila is always in thought as guidance to live in society.

Sejarah Pemikiran Kebangsaan Jakob Oetama Pada Surat Kabar Kompas 1970-2001

Nationality is needed by every Indonesian as one of the efforts to continue maintaining the unity and integrity of the nation. One of the national press figures who seriously think about the issue of nationality is Jakob Oetama. One of the ways Jakob Oetama channeled national ideology was through the press media named the Kompas. The purpose of this study was to find out how Jakob Oetama ideology about nationality in Kompas newspaper. The period is from 1970 to 2001. The research method uses historical research methods consisting of four stages; heuristics, verification, interpretation and historiography. The results showed that Jakob Oetama's national ideology in the first Kompas daily newspaper was Bhinneka Tunggal Ika and national ideology, national integration and disintegration, religious issues, knowing the homeland, and the principle of transcendental humanism. Pemahaman kebangsaan sangat diperlukan oleh setiap rakyat Indonesia sebagai salah satu upaya untuk terus mempertahankan persatuan dan kesatuan bangsa. Salah satu tokoh pers nasional yang serius memikirkan persoalan tentang kebangsaan adalah Jakob Oetama. Cara Jakob Oetama menyalurkan pemikiran kebangsaan salah satunya yaitu lewat media pers yang diberi nama surat kabar Kompas. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana pemikiran Jakob Oetama tentang kebangsaan pada surat kabar Kompas periode tahun 1970 sampai dengan tahun 2001. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian sejarah yang terdiri dari empat tahap yaitu, heuristik, verifikasi, interpretasi dan historiografi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pemikiran kebangsaan Jakob Oetama pada surat kabar harian Kompas adalah Bhinneka Tunggal Ika dan ideologi kebangsaan, integrasi dan disintegrasi nasional, persoalan agama, mengenal tanah air, dan prinsip humanisme transendental.

Countering Islamophobia in Portugal, Indonesian Muslim Expatriates’ experience

Islamophobia becomes wider international public interest since the September 11th, 2001 tragedy, especially among scholars of Islamic studies for academic or related stakeholder objectives. The main purpose of this research is to investigate Indonesian Muslim expatriate experiences in countering Islamophobia in Portugal.There are 488 Indonesian expatriates in Portugal, that 384 (78 %) of them are Muslims, working as diplomatic mission, students, traders, professionals, labors and others who stay in different cities. As the method to collect data, the researcher used triangulation techniques such as interview through guided written questions (interview), observation and documentation. The guided question data was collected from 17 respondents purposively representing profession, education, sex and residence. The data was analyzed using factor analyses covering items of Portugal government policy on religious life, characters of Portuguese culture, the characters of Indonesian Muslim socio culture, national ideology of Pancasila values, educational background of Indonesian Muslim expatriates and sociocultural normative Islamic teaching. The research revealed that Indonesian Muslim expatriates in Portugal are highly successful in countering Islamophobia, that they feel save, enjoy, peaceful, harmonious life, as feeling at homes to practice private religious and daily activities, in spite of lack mosques in public places and Islamic shools.