Changing Food Consumption and Nutrition Intake in Kazakhstan

Food resource is an important bond that connects human beings and nature. In this study, we investigated the changes in food consumption and nutrition intake in Kazakhstan from a spatial and temporal perspective, from 2001 to 2018. The data were obtained from the Bureau of Statistics, international organizations and our social interview work. After the start of the 21st century, it was found that per capita food consumption significantly increased; however, the consumption of crop, vegetables and milk decreased. Per capita meat consumption was similar in both urban and rural areas. However, some food consumption showed differences between urban and rural areas. Changes of food consumption quantity and structure also had some effects on nutrient intake and the proportion of nutrients. Per capita energy intake in the national, urban and rural areas all increased remarkably. The energy intake changes in eastern states increased much more than that in western states. Protein intake in rural and urban areas was similar; however, the gap between carbohydrates and fat intake in urban and rural areas increased. The intake of protein, carbohydrates and fat in different states showed the same trend. Food consumption and nutrition intake are affected by economic, social and ecological factors.

Impact of freshwater runoff from the southwest Greenland Ice Sheet on fjord productivity since the late 19th century

Climate warming and the resulting acceleration of freshwater discharge from the Greenland Ice Sheet are impacting Arctic marine coastal ecosystems, with implications for their biological productivity. To accurately project the future of coastal ecosystems, and place recent trends into perspective, paleo-records are essential. Here, we present late 19th century to present runoff estimates for a large sub-Arctic fjord system (Nuup Kangerlua, southwest Greenland) influenced by both marine- and land-terminating glaciers. We followed a multiproxy approach to reconstruct spatial and temporal trends in primary production from four sediment cores, including diatom fluxes and assemblage composition changes, biogeochemical and sedimentological proxies (total organic carbon, nitrogen, C / N-ratio, biogenic silica, δ13C, δ15N, grain size distribution). We show that an abrupt increase in freshwater runoff in the mid-1990’s is reflected by a 3-fold increase in biogenic silica fluxes in the glacier-proximal area of the fjord. In addition to increased productivity, freshwater runoff modulates the diatom assemblages and drives the dynamics and magnitude of the diatom spring bloom. Our records indicate that marine productivity is higher today than it has been at any point since the late 19th century and suggest that increased mass loss of the Greenland Ice Sheet is likely to continue promoting high productivity levels at sites proximal to marine-terminating glaciers. We highlight the importance of paleo-records in offering a unique temporal perspective on ice-ocean-ecosystem responses to climate forcing beyond existing remote sensing or monitoring time-series.

LA CRÓNICA SIMULTÁNEA: CONSTRUIR EL ACONTECIMIENTO DESDE UNA PERSPECTIVA TEMPORAL

Las crónicas simultáneas, o live blogs, quebraron una limitación histórica de la prensa escrita al permitir informar sobre un evento mientras sucede. El presente trabajo se propone mostrar que este tipo de crónicas presenta importantes diferencias respecto de las noticias ordinarias, o crónicas retrospectivas, incluso cuando se producen luego del suceso que cubren. La extrema inmediatez respecto de los hechos y la capacidad de publicar actualizaciones periódicas confieren al texto una perspectiva temporal definida por la acumulación de múltiples observaciones parciales sobre su objeto. Esa situación enunciativa inhibe la adopción de una perspectiva de punto final y contribuye a generar un efecto de sentido de noticia en desarrollo, lo que redunda en un modo de construir el acontecimiento más fragmentario en comparación con las noticias tradicionales, y que la asemeja a la cobertura de los medios que emplean la toma directa como la radio y la televisión. Abstract: Simultaneous reports, or live blogs, overcame a barrier that existed in the written press since its beginnings: they made it possible to inform about an event as it happens. This article postulates that this kind of reports differs significantly from ordinary news pieces, or retrospective reports, even when they are produced after the event they cover. The extreme immediacy of the facts and the capability to post periodic updates provide the text with a temporal perspective defined by the accumulation of multiple partial observations of its object. This enunciative situation inhibits assuming an endpoint perspective and helps generating a strong sense of developing news, which results in a fragmentary construction of the event in comparison with ordinary news, and that is closer to the live coverage of radio and television.

EFL Learners’ Language-Specific Time Attitudes

The present study investigated the time attitudes (TAs) of EFL learners and their willingness and preference to share their TAs with peers and EFL instructors. Limited research has explored willingness and preference to share their TAs —a distinct and meaningful part of their temporal perspective that encompasses their positive and negative feelings about the past, present, and future experiences of English language learning. Participants were 229 students of technical and administrative diploma programmes at a Saudi industrial college in the western region of the country. Data were collected through questionnaires. Findings indicated that (1) students’ responses differed mostly on feelings about the past; (2) participants are more willing to share their feelings with peers than with instructors; (3) students are more willing to share with both peers and instructors their combined past, present, and future experiences; (4) students prefer to share their feelings about their present experiences with peers and instructors compared to their past or future experiences; (5) students prefer to share with peers both negative and positive feelings about their past, present, and future experiences; and (6) students prefer to share only negative feelings with instructors.

Temporal perspective and mental functioning of socially maladjusted youth held in conditions of institutional isolation

Introduction: The aim of the research presented was to determine whether the temporal perspective of socially maladjusted adolescents, held against their will in conditions of institutional isolation, can be linked to the level of their mental functioning. Method: The researchers applied standardized psychological tests in a survey of a group of 311 adolescents (38 females, 273 males), aged 13–18, who were held in a youth education center (YEC) following family court rulings. Results: After a psychological characterization of three groups of adolescents with different temporal perspectives, distinguished on the basis of cluster analysis, it was proven that the temporal perspective of adolescents held in institutional isolation is crucial to the quality of their mental functioning. The participants who scored significantly lower in all dimensions of temporal perspective seemed to be experiencing lower-intensity loneliness, depression and stress. Those, on the other hand, whose perspective was of the present-hedonistic or past-negative types felt lonelier, lived under more stress and suffered from more severe forms of depression. The teenagers whose temporal perspective was past-positive and future-oriented turned out to be most balanced in terms of the investigated psychological variables, which may confirm the importance of a balanced temporal perspective for good quality of life. Conclusions: The strongest effect was found in relation to peer and family loneliness, which indicates the importance of family and peers in the teenagers’ psychosocial development. These findings promote further reflection on the legitimacy of institutional measures used in the rehabilitation of socially maladjusted youth to date, and the search for new, effective kinds of social rehabilitation intervention.

Analysis of Non-Parametric Trend and Climatic Parameter Homogeneity Tests in a Data-scarce Region: A Spatio-Temporal Perspective in the Tawang River Basin, Eastern Himalayas

This study is aimed at studying long–term historical and future (1950-2099) trends for the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 on approximately 30-year timescale at annual and seasonal for precipitation and at annual, seasonal, monthly, and diurnal temperature range (DTR) for temperature maximum (T_max), temperature minimum (T_min) variations using statistical trend analysis techniques– Mann–Kendall test (MK) and Sen's slope estimator (S) and the homogeneity test using Pettitt’s test. The study is carried out in three spatial points across the Tawang Chu in the district of Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh. The summer mean precipitation for RCP 4.5 (2006-2065) shows a positive trend with a rise in precipitation between 1.56 mm to 9.94 mm in all the study points. The mean annual precipitation statistics for all the points show an increase of RCP 4.5 in 2006-2052 and 2053-2099 timescale. Both RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios exhibit a uniform rise in T_min and T_max during investigation. For all the points, the results likewise reveal a rising trend in mean annual T_min and T_max. Still, the inter-decadal temperature statistical analysis shows that the increase in mean annual T_min is greater than the increase in T_max, indicating a decreasing trend in DTR. It is anticipated that this study's outcomes will contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between change in climate and the regional hydrological behaviour and will be benefitting the society to develop a regional strategy for water resource management, can serve as a resource for climate impact research scope- assessments, adaptation, mitigation, and disaster management strategies for India's north-eastern region.

The Process of Interdependence

In both Chapters 2 and 3, biodynamic interfaces are treated as independent entities. That is obviously not the case—biodynamic interfaces are connected to each other and, as always, it is important to place time at the center of these connections. Chapter 4 shows that these connections are not like networks of roads that are static; instead, they are more like an ensemble of musicians who are constantly in motion and their joint motion (their music) creates a whole that has meaning. Chapter 4 also shows that our understanding of biodynamic interfaces is dependent on our temporal perspective. In other words, the picture we see depends on where and when we are.

Involvement and Trust in Poland and Bulgaria in Comparison with Other European Societies

A developmental analysis of the two waves: 2008 and 2016 ESS Indicators of social engagement (we mean here organisational engagement) are treated as a measure of the process of social modernisation (Herrmann, 1999, Matei, Apostu, 2012). It is assumed here that higher scores of indicators demonstrate the 'maturity of civil society, the quality of the functioning of democracy and the process of its evolution (Boulding, 2010). The concept of generalised trust and trust in political institutions have a somewhat similar status, and they are treated as indicators of collective capacity and a premise for conclusions about the effectiveness of the development processes (Putnam, 1993, Sonderskov, 2011). The proposed presentation will focus on the changes we were able to register over eight years in Poland and Bulgaria (2008 and 2018) to indicate the position of the societies of these post-communist countries in comparison to other European countries. The main hypotheses would be to verify the relationship between trust indicators and declared involvement in NGO sector organisations as well as basic sociodemographic variables in a temporal perspective. The quantitative analysis will be preceded by a form of qualitative description and interpretation of the existing state of knowledge. ESS data would be used for the analysis, and the basis for inference will be the indices of “generalised trust”, “trust in national political institutions”, and “involvement in NGO” using regression analysis.

EFL Learners’ Language-Specific Time Attitudes

The present study investigated the time attitudes (TAs) of EFL learners and their willingness and preference to share their TAs with peers and EFL instructors. Limited research has explored willingness and preference to share their TAs —a distinct and meaningful part of their temporal perspective that encompasses their positive and negative feelings about the past, present, and future experiences of English language learning. Participants were 229 students of technical and administrative diploma programmes at a Saudi industrial college in the western region of the country. Data were collected through questionnaires. Findings indicated that (1) students’ responses differed mostly on feelings about the past; (2) participants are more willing to share their feelings with peers than with instructors; (3) students are more willing to share with both peers and instructors their combined past, present, and future experiences; (4) students prefer to share their feelings about their present experiences with peers and instructors compared to their past or future experiences; (5) students prefer to share with peers both negative and positive feelings about their past, present, and future experiences; and (6) students prefer to share only negative feelings with instructors.