The Influence of Urban Poverty on Students’ Academic Optimism: Does Government Assistance Play a Role?

The present study investigated the relationship between urban poor students’ perceptions of government assistance and poverty and their level of academic optimism. A survey was administered to 500 urban poor students in two major Malaysian cities, Kuala Lumpur and Johor Bahru. The students were identified and randomly selected for the study with the help of their respective schools. AMOS version 24 was used to test the hypothesised model using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The findings revealed a significant direct association between students’ perceptions of poverty and academic optimism. However, no significant indirect influence was found between students’ perceptions of poverty and their academic optimism through government assistance. These findings suggest that government assistance programmes are not necessarily a contributor to students’ academic optimism. The lack of any significant influence between students’ perceptions of poverty and academic optimism, through government assistance, may indicate a need to re-evaluate the existing assistance programmes rendered by the government to students in the urban poor category.

EFEKTIVITAS PROGRAM BANTUAN PEMERINTAH BAGI USAHA MIKRO DI KABUPATEN PONOROGO

One of the government's efforts to overcome the COVID-19 pandemic which has affected several sectors, one of which is the economic sector, is by launching the Government Assistance for Micro Enterprises (BPUM) program. This BPUM aims to support and maintain the sustainability of micro-enterprises as well as a form of saving the national economy during the COVID-19 pandemic that threatens the national economy. This program was only issued during the 2019 covid pandemic, so it is still very new and there is still not much research on this program. The problem in this research is how the effectiveness of achieving the objectives, integration, and adaptation of the Government Assistance for Micro Enterprises (BPUM) program is. This research program uses a field method using a qualitative approach and uses a descriptive type of research. The results of the research are, firstly, the measure of achieving the goals has not been effective because the targets have not been fully accurate and the management of aid funds is still not in accordance with the objectives. Second, the integration measure has not been effective because there is no socialization from related parties to the prospective recipients of the BPUM program. And third, the adaptation measure has not been effective either because the implementing party did not conduct monitoring before or after receiving this assistance program. Salah satu upaya pemerintah dalam mengatasi pendemi covid-19 yang mengakibatkan beberapa sektor terdampak, salah satunya sektor perekonomian yaitu dengan mencanangkan program Bantuan Pemerintah bagi Usaha Mikro (BPUM). BPUM ini bertujuan untuk mendukung dan menjaga keberlangsungan usaha mikro serta sebagai bentuk penyelamatan ekonomi Nasional pada masa pandemi covid-19 yang mengancam perekonomian Nasional. Program ini baru dikeluarkan pada saat pandemi covid tahun 2019, sehingga masih sangat baru dan masih belum banyak penelitan tentang program ini. Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana efektivitas pencapaian tujuan, integrasi, dan adaptasi program Bantuan Pemerintah bagi Usaha Mikro (BPUM). Program Penelitian ini menggunakan metode lapangan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan menggunakan jenis penelitian deskriptif. Hasil penelitian yaitu, pertama pada ukuran pencapaian tujuan belum efektif dikarenakan target sasaran belum sepenuhnya tepat serta pengelolaan dana bantuan yang masih belum sesuai dengan tujuan. Kedua, pada ukuran integrasi belum efektif karena tidak adanya sosialisasi dari pihak terkait terhadap calon penerima program BPUM. Dan ketiga, pada ukuran adaptasi juga belum efektif karena pihak pelaksana tidak melakukan pemantauan sebelum maupun sesudah menerima program bantuan ini.

ECONOMIC AND FISCAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: THE CASE STUDY OF NORTH MACEDONIA

This paper aims to analyse the impact of Covid-19 on economic and fiscal consequences in North Macedonia. In addition, the paper assesses the effects of economic and fiscal packages implemented by the Government of the country. The study uses secondary data in order to find out the real consequences caused by Covid-19 pandemic in the economy of North Macedonia. The findings reveal thatCovid-19 pandemic produced negative economic and fiscal consequences during 2020 in all sectors. Moreover at the end of 2020 the real sector of the economy recorded a 4.5% decline in GDP, the fiscal deficit achived a level of -8.1% of the GDP. The findings of the paper show that government assistance through various packages, partly affected the reduction of negative economic consequences of Covid-19.

Impact of MSME Assistance Program by East Java Province to Resolve the Economic Impacts of Covid-19

This paper aims to provide a perspective on assistance to MSMEs in East Java in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic. So far, MSMEs have been proven to be one of the economic drivers that accommodate the majority of workers in Indonesia. The existence of the Covid-19 Pandemic has depressed MSMEs throughout Indonesia and often have to go out of business. It seems that the government assistance that has been provided in the context of Covid-19 is still focused on individual or family assistance. Therefore, the authors consider MSMEs to be an essential factor in efforts to overcome the impact of Covid-19, especially in East Java. This paper uses the review literature as a method of data collection and research. The research results are expected to be an input for the Government, especially East Java Province, to consider the existence of capital assistance for MSME’s.

IMPLEMENTASI PROGRAM BANTUAN PEMERINTAH ASURANSI NELAYAN BPAN DI KECAMATAN TANGGETADA KABUPATEN KOLAKA

The purpose of this study is to analyze the implementation of the Fisherman Insurance Government Program in Tanggetada District, Kolaka Regency. This study uses a qualitative descriptive type of research that provides an overview of all the problems regarding the implementation of the Fisherman Insurance Government Assistance (BPAN) program in Tanggetada District, Kolaka Regency. The results, discussion and conclusions of this study indicate that there are four critical factors that affect the success of the implementation process. The first is communication, where the socialization of BPAN has not gone well, because information about the BPAN program has not been distributed properly to all fishermen in Tanggetada sub-district. Second, natural resources, where there is no socialization budget incentive for employees or extension workers. The third disposition, where the implementation of the Fisherman Insurance Government Assistance program, from the service is not committed because they have not felt the benefits as promised to provide welfare for themselves and their families, there is no democratic nature of the implementer because there are still fishermen who do not get a fisherman insurance card. The fourth is the bureaucratic structure, where the Fisherman Insurance Government Assistance program has SOPso that the implementation has a reference, namely the service is expected to be able to cooperate in the issuance process and the fishermen's insurance claim process.Keywords: Fisherman Insurance; Government Assistance; Implementation AbstrakTujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis Implementasi Program Pemerintah Asuransi Nelayan di Kecamatan Tanggetada Kabupaten Kolaka. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian deskriptif kualitatif yaitu memberikan gambaran seluruh permasalahannya tentang implementasi program Bantuan Pemerintah Asuransi Nelayan (BPAN) di Kecamatan Tanggetada Kabupaten Kolaka. Hasil penelitian, pembahasan dan kesimpulan dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa terdapat empat critical factors yang mempengaruhi keberhasilan proses implementasi. Pertama komunikasi, dimana dalam sosialisasi BPAN belum berjalan dengan baik, karena informasi tentang program BPAN belum tersalurkan dengan baik kepada seluruh nelayan di kecamatan tanggetada. Kedua sumber daya alam, dimana dalam insentif anggaran sosialisasi yang dilakukan oleh pegawai maupun penyuluh tidak ada. Ketiga disposisi, dimana pelaksanaa program Bantuan Pemerintah Asuransi Nelayan, dari dinas tidak bersikap komitmen karena belum merasakan manfaat seperti yang dijanjikan memberikan kesejahtraan bagi dirinya dan keluarganya, tidak adanya sifat demokratis dari pelaksana karena masih ada nelayan yang tidak mendapatkan kartu asuransi nelayan. Keempat struktur birokrasi, dimana program Bantuan Pemerintah Asuransi Nelayan memiliki SOP agar pelaksanaannya memiliki acuan, yaitu dinas diharpakan dapat menjalin kerjasama dalmam proses penerbitan dan proses klaim asuransi nelayan. Kata Kunci: Asuransi Nelayan; Bantuan Pemerintah; Implementasi

An Intersectional Analysis of Labor Market Outcomes

Recent work highlights the importance of intersectionality to the study of the economic and labor market inequalities of those with disabilities. Yet, little attention has been given to examining the causes and consequences of these intersectional effects. The current chapter expands on previous research by (1) examining how race/ethnicity, gender, and disability status work in tandem to shape employment probabilities among working-age adults with disabilities and (2) whether potential disparities among these groups can be explained by government assistance receipt. This chapter uses data from the 2017 American Community Survey (ACS) to estimate a series of logistic regression models predicting employment from 16 race-gender-disability groups. Results provide evidence for a “spillover effect” where the disadvantages or advantages an individual acquires from the combination of their status-based characteristics spill over to affect their employment probabilities. This spillover effect may result from the multiplicative effects of race/ethnicity, gender, and disability status on institutions, including employment and government assistance, intertwining to create and maintain hierarchies of disadvantage, leading to overlapping institutions of oppression.

The US Pretrial System: Balancing Individual Rights and Public Interests

In this article, we review a growing empirical literature on the effectiveness and fairness of the US pretrial system and discuss its policy implications. Despite the importance of this stage of the criminal legal process, researchers have only recently begun to explore how the pretrial system balances individual rights and public interests. We describe the empirical challenges that have prevented progress in this area and how recent work has made use of new data sources and quasi-experimental approaches to credibly estimate both the individual harms (such as loss of employment or government assistance) and public benefits (such as preventing non-appearance at court and new crimes) of cash bail and pretrial detention. These new data and approaches show that the current pretrial system imposes substantial short-and long-term economic harms on detained defendants in terms of lost earnings and government assistance, while providing little in the way of decreased criminal activity for the public interest. Non-appearances at court do significantly decrease for detained defendants, but the magnitudes cannot justify the economic harms to individuals observed in the data. A second set of studies shows that that the costs of cash bail and pretrial detention are disproportionately borne by Black and Hispanic individuals, giving rise to large and unfair racial differences in cash bail and detention that cannot be explained by underlying differences in pretrial misconduct risk. We then turn to policy implications and describe areas of future work that would enable a deeper understanding of what drives these undesirable outcomes.

Pertimbangan Hakim dalam Penerapan Sanksi Pidana Bagi Pelaku Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang (Studi Putusan Nomor: 782/Pid.Sus/2020/PN.Mtr)

In the preface of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic Indonesia it has been stressed that the Indonesian state government was framed to ensure the whole Indonesian country, to advance public government assistance, teach the country's life and execute world request, everlasting harmony and civil rights for every single Indonesian individual. Indeed, Indonesian culture, from kids to adulthood, are survivors of dealing with people and there are additionally ladies who become tainted with HIV/AIDS in the wake of becoming traveler laborers. The wrongdoing of illegal exploitation has been efficient and has even entered the worldwide exchange organization, upheld by present day offices and framework and moderately limitless wellsprings of assets. This exploration was gotten normatively and afterward depicted to portray the information gathered methodicallly. The information utilized as the principle information source are optional information sources, to be specific information acquired from a writing study comprising of essential and auxiliary lawful materials. The outcomes showed that the use of assents given by the Panel of Judges was not as per the social parts of mankind and basic liberties by applying the idea of lawful targets. Remembering that the reason for discipline isn't counter against the culprit of the wrongdoing yet as a result is one of the means and endeavors to teach and make the litigant mindful of his activities and keep others from carrying out comparable demonstrations.

Performance implications of export assistance: the mediating role of export entrepreneurship

PurposeAlthough both institutional export assistance and entrepreneurial orientation (EO) contribute separately and positively to export performance, the interplay between them has received little attention. This study examines the role of international EO in deriving performance benefits from governmental and nongovernmental export assistance.Design/methodology/approachIn this longitudinal study, two surveys were administered at two different times: In 2011, 705 Bangladeshi apparel exporters were surveyed, and in 2019, a subsequent survey of 198 firms in multiple industries was conducted. The aim of the surveys was to assess the relationships between governmental and nongovernmental assistance, EO and export performance.FindingsThe results of the first survey show that, while nongovernmental assistance influences performance directly and via EO, governmental assistance has only direct effects. Furthermore, the negative influence of government assistance on EO reduces the total effects and renders them nonsignificant. The results of the second survey demonstrate that government EPPs have both direct and indirect positive and significant effects on market performance, indicating a partial mediation, whereas quasi-governmental assistance has positive and significant direct effects as well as negative but nonsignificant indirect effects. Nongovernmental EPPs have both direct and indirect significant effects on international performance, indicating a partial mediation.Research limitations/implicationsThe study has important implications for researchers studying export assistance and its impact on firm performance. Instead of adopting a parochial view of government assistance, this study categorizes such assistance into three types – government, quasi-government and nongovernment. Furthermore, this study bridges the export assistance and international entrepreneurship literature by including EO.Practical implicationsEntrepreneurs must emphasize the use of government assistance in order to enhance export performance. However, to promote both entrepreneurship and performance, they must emphasize nongovernment assistance. Exporters should also capitalize on the assistance extended by various quasi-governmental agencies to bolster export performance.Originality/valueGiven the performance advantage of export assistance, this study highlights the contribution of the private sector in promoting export entrepreneurship while shedding light on the pernicious role of (quasi-)governmental assistance in export entrepreneurship.