The Effect of Chinese Proficiency on Determining Temporal Adverb Position by Native Japanese Speakers Learning Chinese

The present study aimed to investigate how native Japanese speakers learning Chinese choose preferred positions for temporal adverbs depending on their level of Chinese proficiency. A naturalness judgment task conducted on native Chinese speakers showed that the most natural position for Chinese temporal adverbs was before the subject and that placement after the locative prepositional phrase was incorrect. The same task applied to native Japanese speakers found the most natural position for Japanese temporal adverbs was also before the subject. Further, when they appear at the beginning of a sentence, they provide the time for the entire sentence. Accordingly, temporal topicalization appears to influence naturalness decisions by both native Chinese and Japanese speakers. A point of difference was that in Japanese, a temporal adverb placed after a locative prepositional phrase was judged to be acceptable. When the same task was given to native Japanese speakers learning Chinese divided into three Chinese proficiency level groups, placement before the subject was the most preferred by the higher Chinese proficiency group. In addition, placement after the locative prepositional phrase was unfavored by them while the same position was frequently selected by the lower level group. As Chinese proficiency increases it appears that the preferred temporal adverb position is before the subject and the placement after the locative prepositional is judged to be unnatural. Thus, a sense of suitable temporal adverb positions in Chinese is influenced by the level of Chinese proficiency of native Japanese speakers.

Mechanical Properties of Bell Pepper Fruits, as Related to the Development of its Harvesting Robot

Adequate knowledge of the mechanical properties of fruits is required for the optimization of fruits harvesting robots. This study was carried out to evaluate some physical and mechanical properties of bell pepper fruits, which will be useful for the design and utilization of bell pepper fruits harvesting robots. Some mechanical properties (failure force, failure energy and compressibility) of matured bell pepper fruits were evaluated at three different dimension sizes and two fruit orientations, according to the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE) approved procedure. Results obtained from this study revealed that the fruit size and orientation had significant (p ≤ 0.05) effect on the mechanical properties of the bell pepper fruits. The failure force and failure energy of the fruit increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) as the fruit locule number increases from 3 to 4. Relatively, the results revealed that the failure force and failure energy of the fruit increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) as the fruit size increased from small to large size. As portrayed by this study results, the failure force and failure energy of the fruit when loaded in the natural position was higher than values obtained, when the fruit was compressed at the vertical position; irrespective of the fruit size. This revealed that the fruit at the natural position absorbed higher compressive force (pressure) and compressive energy, regardless of the fruit locule number. Results obtained from this study will present useful information for the design, programming and optimization of bell pepper harvesting and handling robots.

Probabilistic Antecedents and Conditional Attitudes

I generalize the notion of a conditional attitude by bringing together two topics of inquiry. One is the ordinary inquiry into conditional attitudes. The other topic is the inquiry into the attitude of thinking that a proposition is likely, or having a high credence in a proposition. For instance, what is it to intend to go to the game if it is likely that Kershaw pitches? Being likely that Kershaw pitches is the condition of the attitude. Given a natural position about statements like “It is likely that Kershaw pitches,” the target attitude looks different from ordinary conditional attitudes.

Releasing Affects or the Release from Affects. The Case of Freud and Spinoza

In this paper, the author is questioning the very concept of “indifferenceof thinking”. The author also asks: in what sense thinkingleads to “overall indifference”? What, indeed, is indifference? Carefullyreading the philosophical texts on affects, mainly Spinoza, Freud,Bergson and Deleuze, the author argues, that indifference is not akind of non-affection, beside-affection, post-affection, but rather, itis a trace of affect – just as cinders are remnants of fire. Indifferenceis not abnegation either, which is a kind of statement that we couldnot care less. On the contrary, it is in indifference where we find aprofound commitment to bringing back the things of this world totheir natural position.

Dendrobium rubrostriatum, A New Species of Dendrobium section Aporum from West Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo

Dendrobium rubrostriatum (section Aporum) is described and illustrated from West Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo. It is morphologically close to Dendrobium lobulatum, but differs in having strongly reflexed petals and dorsal sepal, linear-acute petals, a different shape lateral sepals, a mentum which is only 1.5 times longer than the column, lip that has a straight claw lacking an abrupt bend near the base, a different shape of lobules of mid-lobe, and the disc that has a glabrous callus that in the natural position considerably exceeds the column.

Effects of Ankle Angular Position and Standing Surface on Postural Control of Upright Stance

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of ankle angular position and standing surface type on static upright balance. Ten young adults stood on a force platform or on a firm wedge that induced 15° of either dorsiflexion or plantarflexion. In addition, a piece of foam was placed on top of the force platform and on the wedge. The center of pressure distance and velocity in the anteroposterior and mediolateral directions were calculated. Significantly larger magnitudes in most of the investigated variables were seen while standing with ankles in the dorsiflexion when compared with standing with the ankle joints in a natural position (p < .05). Plantarflexion increased the center of pressure anteroposterior velocity by 87% when compared with a natural stance (p < .05). Standing on the foam surfaces resulted in increases in all of the center of pressure measures by an average of 38% in all of the ankle conditions.

Uso do laser em cruz como método auxiliar no diagnóstico e planejamento de tratamento de pacientes padrão III

The spatial position of the cranio-maxillary-mandibular complex is related to the natural position of the head, which is not always easily obtained due to vicious and unconscious postural compensation. The cross-laser allows the fixation of certain face parameters, which lead to natural and adequate positioning of the head for lateral teleradiography in conjunction with facial analysis. The severity of Pattern III skeletal discrepancy is masked by soft tissues, and is best investigated and quantified with the patient in smiling profile, relative to true vertical, and can be compared with cephalometric analysis. The treatment of this discrepancy is directly related to its severity. This article aims to demonstrate the relevance of the cross-laser as an auxiliary tool in the analysis of the facial severity of patients Pattern III. Three clinical cases with different severities for Pattern III and their respective treatment approaches are presented.

The Replanting of a 1.1 from an Ectopic Position during the Course of Orthodontic Therapy: Follow-Up at 8 Years

The case that is reported here describes the replanting of a 1.1 from an ectopic position during orthodontic therapy. The 9-year-old patient suffered from class 2 type malocclusion with the upper maxilla contracted, right-left posterior cross-bite. The clinical case presented the following details: in the upper incisor group, the 1.1 was overlapping the 1.2 and was distalised and completely vestibularised, whilst in the place of the 1.1, a 1.1 supernumerary persisted in occlusion. Following several medical investigations, such as OPT and, most importantly, TC cone beam investigation, the dangerous position of the dental element became clear. This did not present vestibular cortical bone but only gingival mucosa. Following these investigations, the difficulty in bringing the dental element into its natural position through orthodontic treatment became obvious since the natural position was without sufficient bone support. From this, it became obvious that surgery and replanting of the 1.1 immediately after the extraction of the supernumerary 1.1 was the only choice available.

The Core of the Esssence of Humans of Pancasila According to Notonagoro: Autonomous and Responsible

Humans are different from plants and animals for humans have reason, mind, taste and soul. Many thoughts have arisen regarding humans in philosophy. One of them is Notonagoro’s philosophical thinking that based on Pancasila. Two issues discussed were: what is the essence of humans of Pancasila according to Notonagoro and what is the core of the essence of humans of Pancasila according to Notonagoro. There are three essence of humans of Pancasila according to Notonagoro. They are three monopluralis of humans natures of Pancasila. Each of its consists of two elements. The three natures are: natural structure (susunan kodrat [elements: body and soul]), natural attribute (sifat kodrat [elements: individual beings and social beings]) and natural position (kedudukan kodrat [elements: independent beings and God’s creatures]). These three natures must be kept in balance even though in the context of society, nation and state, three elements such as: soul, social beings and God’s creatures take precedence. These three natures are centered in the soul which produces four godly characters (wisdom, simplicity, determination and justice). The three natures of humans of Pancasila according to Notonagoro can be abstracted into two core: “Autonomous” and “Responsible.” Autonomous of humans of Pancasila includes three elements: body, individual beings and independent beings. Humans have freedom in developing these three elements, but, the freedom itself is not fully independent because humans are bound to the soul with its four godly characters. While responsible includes three other elements: soul, social beings and God’s creatures. Humans have responsibilities both socially (law, ethics, norms, customs) and spiritually (God’s creatures).