How to riddle by Chinese names

This paper studies how Chinese riddles, esp. how to riddle by a name. Based on lexico-constructional pragmatics, a Chinese riddle is a construction, with the configuration of FACE (P), EYE and BOTTOM (Q). P and Q are to hold a tension between identity and heterogeneity, and the entire riddle is to meet the (six) felicity conditions of riddles. Old means of Chinese riddles are discussed, to seek new riddling manners like use of foreign loans, material props, and face-bottom reversions. It is hypothesised that a rhetor with humour-consciousness, in informal or weak communication, can in principle generate a riddle, for instance, by names of places, people, and things. By some pragmatic constraint or even coercion, the riddler can boost expressibility and processibility of a riddle. With a case study, liberal use of riddles in more ways, for more occasions, is suggested to elevate communicators’ humour competence and humour happiness.

Improving Ways to Increase the Attitude of the Investment Environment

This article addresses the issue of improving ways to increase the attractiveness of the investment climate in the regions. There are also scientific works of foreign and local scientists who have studied the attractiveness of the investment climate in the regions. In addition, a model for assessing the impact of investment on the region's economy has been proposed. In addition, McKinsey & Co. the level of indicators is suggested. Foreign loans and investments are guaranteed by the government, the state of direct investment is assessed by the effect obtained by fully loading the risk on the recipient. In addition, conclusions and recommendations were made to improve ways to increase the attractiveness of the investment climate in the regions.

Problems of the Growth of the External Public Debt of the Kyrgyz Republic

The problems of the growth of public debt affect an increasing number of states in the modern world. Most countries record a significant shortage of their resources when making domestic investments and cover the state budget deficit and carry out socio-economic transformations. This lack of funds led to the formation of an economic debt system. At the same time, with the liberalization and globalization of financial markets, there will be an increase in the dependence of national economies on external replenishment. When carrying out economic transformations, most of the modern world countries resort to using external and internal sources of financing.The Kyrgyz Republic is no exception to this rule and today is largely dependent on external funding from foreign donors. At the same time, the lack of a consistent policy in attracting and using external and internal financial resources has led to the formation of significant external debt, which does not allow for economic transformations to ensure the country’s economic security. As a result of this study, recommendations were formed for the Ministry of Finance of the Kyrgyz Republic, which proposes a balanced policy of attracting expensive foreign loans to reduce the debt burden. In this study, the principles of dialectical logic, the unity of the logical and the historical, and generally scientific methods of cognition were used. Analysis, synthesis, consistency, special comparisons, groupings, classifications, generalization can be distinguished.

Conquest by Money

This chapter discusses the financial dimension of French informal imperialism. Foreign loans played an important part in France's commercial boom after 1850, as they often served to pay, directly or indirectly, for other countries' imports of French commodities. Examining the rationale and practical arrangements of French foreign lending in detail can therefore shed further light on the articulation of the military, economic, and cultural foundations of French informal imperial power. After underlining the peculiar propensity of France to export its capital in the nineteenth century, the chapter shows how a strand of French political economy, from Talleyrand to Leroy-Beaulieu, overtly promoted loans to friendly foreign states as a way of exercising tutelage beyond national borders. The chapter then turns to several prominent instances of French foreign lending — Haiti in the 1820s, the Ottoman Empire after 1850, and Mexico in the 1860s — to examine the logistics of French imperial finance and highlight the persistent primacy of political control rather than profit as the ultima ratio of French capital exports.

Challenges to the Moroccan economy during the pandemic

The article examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Moroccan economy, as well as the measures that have been taken by the kingdom's authorities to counter the negative consequences. It is noted that initially, all forecasts shortly before the health crisis concerning Rabat were not objective, since they could not take into account future changes in the world. Thus, Morocco counted on dynamic development in 2020. However, the sudden wave of the pandemic has made a dramatic difference. Important sectors of the economy have been disrupted as global trade chains have been affected. Moreover, Morocco's dependence on foreign capital also demonstrated the fragility of the domestic market. In particular, the kingdom faced an investment freeze and a reduction in foreign exchange remittances by representatives of the Moroccan diaspora abroad. The tourism sector suffered the most, negative shifts were noted in the automotive production, as well as fluctuations affected the country's banking sector, which is dependent on French partners. To neutralize such a strong blow to the Moroccan economy, the government took the path of increasing foreign loans, which led to an increase in debt to 80% of GDP in 2021. To mitigate challenges in the domestic market, Rabat began to develop a number of programs to help the private sector. They affected micro, small and medium businesses. By introducing them, the government expects that by issuing concessional loans, it will be able to achieve a quick revival of small enterprises. In turn, this will reduce unemployment and, possibly, resume the previous volume of tax deductions.

The Impact of the Corona Pandemic On the Expansion of External Borrowing in Egypt

External borrowing is one of the alternatives to help countries, especially developing ones, to overcome capital scarcity, and in light of the spread of the Corona pandemic that threatens both developed and developing economies. Most developing countries have turned to external borrowing to deal with the repercussions of the Coruna epidemic. Egypt, like other countries affected by the Corona pandemic, therefore this study aimed to study the impact of the Corona pandemic on the expansion of external borrowing in Egypt, where the researcher focused on the size of external loans before and after the pandemic. To achieve this object, the researcher relied in his methodology on the descriptive analytical approach through dealing with information and studies on the subject of the research, with the use of the quantitative approach in presenting data and analyzing it. The study concluded that the Corona pandemic had negatively affected government revenues from foreign exchange in Egypt, which led to a decline in the Egyptian foreign reserve, which leads to expansion in external borrowing and more foreign loans.

Peran Perbankan Dalam Pencegahan Dan Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang Yang Dilakukan Oleh Nasabah

Money laundering is rampant in Indonesia with banks as a means. Weaknesses in the banking system provide a loophole for money launderers to carry out their actions so that the proceeds of crime obtained are safely stored in banks. This research is a normative legal research that is descriptive in nature, with a case appoach. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role of banks in effors to prevent and eradicate money laundering crimes committed by customers in the perspective of banking laws and the mode of action committed by money laundering criminals in banks. The results of this study indicate that themode of conduct of money laundering in conducting money laundering in banks is through capital cooperation though credit collateral, overseas transfers, disguising domestic businessses, engineering foreign loans and the role of banks in preventing and eradicating money laundering and banking laws by recognizing prospective customers who will open accounts in banks and monitoring customer profiles and transactions carried out on an on going basis, including conformity between transaction profile, examining the similarity or similarity of names with names suspects/defendants published in the mass media or by the competent authority.

To Nicholas II's deposits held with the English banks

Subject. The article focuses on unknown aspects of foreign financial and credit operations of the Russian Empire. Objectives. The article attempts to unfold the mechanism and role of foreign loans taken by the imperial family from perspectives of modern Russia. What distinguished the economic policy of Nicholas II? Why did relatives, clergy, noblemen and military elite of Russia turn their backs to the Emperor? I try to bridge the gap between the traditional perception and real situation with respect to loans of the last Emperor of Russia. Methods. I relied upon proceedings of the Russian and foreign scholars, archives, memoirs of contemporaries and those who were close to the Romanovs. What makes the study complicated is the secrecy of materials and information on the imperial family’s financial position. The article involves the analytical, systems, historical and statistical methods of research. Results. I set forth my own concept of key deposits made by Nicholas II with the English banks, reveals reasons and mechanisms for placing them, and describe the consequences and the significance for Russia in the current circumstances of the globalized economy. I also suggest how modern credit relations should be transformed. Conclusions and Relevance. The article provides my conclusions about causes of the ineffective financial and credit policy of the Romanovs, its negative effect on Russia's socio-economic development. As a conclusion, I suggest considering the financial and credit policy of the Russian tzars and Nicholas II from contemporary perspectives. The article justifies the hypothesis that the Turkish contribution as a result of the 1878–1879 Russo-Turkish War became the basis for making secret deposits of the Russian emperors with the English banks. I also make some guess about their use.

A Mismatch between External Debt Finances and Consumption Cost in Nigeria

This study scrutinizes the influence of external obligation on the cost of living in Nigeria. In recent times, Nigeria has been tagged as the headquarters of world poverty due to the unaffordable cost of living that has resulted in all manner of crimes prevailing in the country. However, the role of foreign loans being contracted by the government in reducing consumption cost has become a concern, hence this investigation. This study made use of a secondary form of statistical records covering the period 2000–2018. The result of the data analysis has shown that external debt does not improve consumption cost, but rather aids the rising cost of living in Nigeria. In a nutshell, the study suggests that the government should invest a large chunk of the borrowed funds into agriculture and local manufacturing for sufficient food supply and provision of goods and services at reasonable costs. This study recommends support for infant industries and entrepreneurship to reduce the consumption cost in the country. The study also encourages the government to seek debt rearrangement or outright revocation by the lending institutions and countries.