Keterpaparan Program GenRe (Generasi Berencana) dan Perilaku Pacaran Remaja Jawa Timur, Indonesia

Background: According to Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN), adolescents are aged 10-24 years and are not married. Indonesian Basic Health Research (RISKESDAS) 2018 showed around 58.8% of adolescents aged 10-19 years had been married and had had a pregnancy. The Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (SDKI) results revealed that risk behavior among male junior and senior high school students was around 8.06%, and female were 4.17%. This study aimed to determine the correlation between the Planning Generation (GenRe) Program knowledge and adolescents’ characteristics with dating experience in East Java Province. Method: This research was a cross-sectional study. Secondary data were collected from the 2019 Program Performance and Accountability Survey (SKAP) and were analyzed descriptively with cross-tabulation and chi-square tests. The risk estimate calculation was also carried out to identify the Odd Ratio (OR). The sample used was 5,300 adolescents in East Java Province after weighting. The research variables consisted of dating behavior in adolescents, age, gender, and adolescents' knowledge about GenRe, HIV/AIDS, drugs, and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and Adolescent Reproductive Health Program.Results: The results showed that 41.80% of adolescents in East Java had dated. There was a significant correlation between dating behavior with adolescents’ knowledge about GenRe, HIV/AIDS, drugs, and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and Adolescent Reproductive Health Program (P-Value = 0.00). Dating behavior also had a significant correlation with age (P-Value = 0.00) and gender (P-Value = 0.00). This study concluded that there was a correlation between dating behavior in adolescents in East Java Province with age, gender, and adolescents’ knowledge about GenRe, HIV/AIDS, drugs, Sexually Transmitted Infection (STIs), and Adolescent Reproductive Health Program. They were strengthening the GenRe program through the introduction, explanation of program activities, and the process of youth involvement. So far, teenagers only know the name of the GenRe program. This action needs to be applied to prevent negative effects caused by dating behavior, such as premarital sex, unwanted pregnancy, and early marriage.

Dimeric Drugs

This review intends to summarize the structures of an extensive number of symmetrical-dimeric drugs, having two monomers linked via a bridging entity while emphasizing the large versatility of biologically active substances reported to possess dimeric structures. The largest number of classes of these compounds consist of anticancer agents, antibiotics/antimicrobials, and anti-AIDS drugs. Other symmetrical-dimeric drugs include antidiabetics, antidepressants, analgesics, anti-inflammatories, drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, anticholesterolemics, estrogenics, antioxidants, enzyme inhibitors, anti-Parkisonians, laxatives, antiallergy compounds, cannabinoids, etc. Most of the articles reviewed do not compare the activity/potency of the dimers to that of their corresponding monomers. Only in limited cases, various suggestions have been made to justify unexpected higher activity of the dimers vs. the corresponding monomers. These suggestions include statistical effects, the presence of dimeric receptors, binding of a dimer to two receptors simultaneously, and others. It is virtually impossible to predict which dimers will be preferable to their respective monomers, or which linking bridges will lead to the most active compounds. It is expected that the extensive number of articles summarized, and the large variety of substances mentioned, which display various biological activities, should be of interest to many academic and industrial medicinal chemists.

Self-Representation of Marginalized Groups: A New Way of Thinking through W. E. B. Du Bois

I address an interesting puzzle of how marginalized groups gain self-representation and influence firms’ strategies. Accordingly, I examine the case of access to low-cost HIV/AIDS drugs in South Africa by integrating W. E. B. Du Bois’s work into stakeholder theory. Du Bois’s scholarly work, most notably his founding contribution to Black scholarship, has profound significance in the humanities and social sciences disciplines and vast potential to inspire a new way of thinking and doing research in the management and organization fields, including business ethics research. By drawing on Du Bois’s works, I argue that through reconstruction of their selves—knowing their souls—marginalized groups know their capabilities better, enabling them to overcome their political and strategic limitations and ensure their true self-representation. They are also empowered to use political imagination and strategies of resistance against more powerful opponents. This influences powerful actors to accept the demands of marginalized groups.

Scrutinized: The TRIPS Agreement and Public Health

The World Trade Organization's (WTO's) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) of 1994 seeks to implement a uniform set of intellectual property protection across member nations to provide greater stability in international economic relations. Critics argue that the TRIPS agreement provides unnecessarily strong protection of intellectual property rights which serves to prevent the ill in developing nations from having access to affordable essential medications. The first recommendation that this paper makes is to provide two sets of intellectual property protection, one that applies to essential medications such as AIDS drugs and certain antibiotics and another that applies to drugs that treat non-life threatening conditions. The second recommendation builds upon the first recommendation: if two sets of intellectual property protection legislation are enacted, patents on essential medications should be restricted to patents on processes rather than the product itself. The third recommendation seeks to amend the language of the TRIPS agreement to make it obligatory for member nations to implement provisions on compulsory licensing within their domestic legislation.

Computational Drug Repurposing Studies on SARS-CoV-2 Protein Targets

To contribute to the combat of COVID-2019, we applied structure-based computational docking screens using flexible docking protocol of Rosetta GALigandDock against multiple potential SARS-CoV-2 protein targets, including the Nsp5 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro), the Nsp3 ADP ribose phosphatase, the Nsp15 Endoribonuclease, the RNA binding domain of nucleocapsid phosphoprotein, the Nsp16 2'-O-MTase, Nsp14, and Nsp12 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Screening against a re-purposing library of 8,395 FDA approved drugs at various stages of drug development and various natural products from DrugBank, we found a total of 124 putative inhibitors with predicted binding ∆G less than -8.9 kcal/mol, including HIV-AIDS drugs Nelfinavir and Tipranavir, targeting 3Clpro with ∆G=-18.8 kcal/mol and ∆G=-16.6 kcal/mol respectively. These primarily involve binders to the Nsp5 3CLpro (37 hits) and the Nsp3 ADP ribose phosphatase (36 hits), with smaller numbers of hits to other targets. These small molecule putative inhibitors suggest a possible avenue for drug repurposing, and the identified compounds should serve as a high-priority list for experimental validation via co-crystallization, enzymatic and cell based assays.

Computational Drug Repurposing Studies on SARS-CoV-2 Protein Targets

To contribute to the combat of COVID-2019, we applied structure-based computational docking screens using flexible docking protocol of Rosetta GALigandDock against multiple potential SARS-CoV-2 protein targets, including the Nsp5 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro), the Nsp3 ADP ribose phosphatase, the Nsp15 Endoribonuclease, the RNA binding domain of nucleocapsid phosphoprotein, the Nsp16 2'-O-MTase, Nsp14, and Nsp12 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Screening against a re-purposing library of 8,395 FDA approved drugs at various stages of drug development and various natural products from DrugBank, we found a total of 124 putative inhibitors with predicted binding ∆G less than -8.9 kcal/mol, including HIV-AIDS drugs Nelfinavir and Tipranavir, targeting 3Clpro with ∆G=-18.8 kcal/mol and ∆G=-16.6 kcal/mol respectively. These primarily involve binders to the Nsp5 3CLpro (37 hits) and the Nsp3 ADP ribose phosphatase (36 hits), with smaller numbers of hits to other targets. These small molecule putative inhibitors suggest a possible avenue for drug repurposing, and the identified compounds should serve as a high-priority list for experimental validation via co-crystallization, enzymatic and cell based assays.

Ribonuclease H Enzyme Activity Detection Based on Hybridization Chain Reaction Amplification and Graphene Oxide Nanosheets Fluorescence Quenching

Ribonuclease H (RNase H) plays key roles in HIV virus replication process and can be used as an important target for anti-AIDS drugs screening. Therefore, we constructed a fluorescent nanosensor based on signal amplification of hybridization chain reaction (HCR) and fluorescence quenching of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets. The nanosensor provided highly sensitive and selective platform for RNase H activity detection. This method also exhibited a good linear relationship in the range of 0.001–5 U/mL, and the detection limit was 0.0007 U/mL. Our results suggested that the developed system is a promising platform for monitoring the RNase H activity, showing great potential in the biomedical studies and drugs screening.

Implementation of HIV and AIDS Management Policies in the City of Bandung

Patients with HIV and AIDS in Bandung are problems that need treatment so that the number of people with HIV and AIDS decreases. This study aims to find out how the implementation of HIV and AIDS prevention policies in the city of Bandung and the driving and inhibiting factors by using the theory of Van Metter and Van Horn policy implementation. This study uses qualitative methods with a purposive sampling technique in determining informants and uses triangulation techniques in data analysis. The results of the study revealed that the implementation of HIV and AIDS prevention policies in the city of Bandung is still not going well because of the factors that have not been externally driven by a boost program, lack of public understanding and the absence of HIV AIDS drugs to cure the disease completely.

Importance of Social- and Health-Related Problems: Do Spaniards Give Them the Significance They Actually Deserve?

Social and health problems imply an impact on society. The main objective of this study is to provide an overview of how Spanish people perceive cancer, terrorism, cardiovascular diseases, crime, AIDS, drugs, and traffic accidents, finding out whether they assess the importance of these issues in correspondence with their actual severity. The study used a full sample of 1206 Spaniards (51.6% females and 48.4% males) who responded to a computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) survey on the significance of these social and health-related problems, assessed through a zero to ten Likert scale. The perceived severity of the problems was considered taking into account the official data of deaths reported by governmental institutions. For the comparison of mean values, the One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test was used. Results show high average values for all the problems. The most concerning elements are cancer (M = 9.28 ± 1.24) and terrorism (M = 9.22 ± 1.47). Cardiovascular diseases have the lowest scores (M = 8.29 ± 1.64). There is a good adjustment between real and subjective perception, but some issues are either underestimated or overestimated. Women assessed all of them as more important than men, and people over 65 gave all the issues more value than younger people. It is important that Spaniards understand the objective severity of these issues, thus allowing for more interventions by governments, education, and mass media.