Sowing Systems as a Factor of Grain Yield in Sunflower Production

The paper presents the results of a triennial study of the sowing system influence on the yied, grain weight per head, plant set per ha and of the grain moisture of a medium-early sunflower hybrid . Standard sowing was performed with the PSK OLT sowing machine at a row spacing amounting to 70 cm, while a twin row sowing was performed with the MaterMacc Twin Row-2 sowing machine at a row spacing of 22*48 cm. Both sowing machines were adjusted according to the ISO standard 7256/1 and 7256/2, with a high QFI index (PSK OLT: 96.32 %; MaterMacc Twin Row-2: 93.93 %). The research was conducted at the Gorjani Experimental Field on psudogley bearing the textured markings of a silty loam, with a weak acid reaction and a small amount of humus. An analysis of variance determined a statistical significance of the sowing system on the grain yield and the grain mass per sunflower head. Sowing in twin rows achieved the higher yields for all three research years : 19.59% in 2017, 19.11% in 2018, and 18.45% in 2019. Plant density was not statistically significantly affected by the sowing systems and vegetation year, but the grain moisture was statistically significantly different between the analyzed research years .

Design of Automatic Barrier Detection and Blockage Removing System in Sowing Machine

This paper presents the idea of the automatic system which detects and removes the blockages automatically in the pipes of seeder machine or sowing machine. This automatic system is very useful for many farmers. As increase in the technology, all the sector needs automation in every system. In current generation most of countries do not have sufficient manpower specially in agriculture sector. So there is need to develop equipment which will reduce the efforts of farmers. This system introduces a control mechanism which aims to detect blockages in the pipes of sowing machine and automatic removal of it by developing mechanism. Objective of this system is to develop a totally automated system for seed sowing process. Hence by replacing a manual system, develop a secure, reliable and efficient system.

IMPROVEMENT OF QUALITY INDICATORS OF THE PROCESS OF SOWING OF ROW CROPS

The level of technology in agricultural production, the quality and cost of the products are largely determined by the degree of perfection of the machines and units used. In resolving this issue in our country and abroad, work is underway to identify rational ways of tillage, namely the minimum energy and labor costs per unit of crop production. Improvement of tillage technology is carried out in two main directions: minimization of tillage and combination of several operations in one pass of the agricultural unit. Along with the application of fertilizers, one of the important operations in the cultivation of crops is sowing, which is performed by seeders and combined tillage and sowing units. Seeders for sowing row crops are a special group of sowing machines. The modern market of agricultural machinery offers a number of field units suitable for sowing with different tillage technologies. The main working body of the drill, which determines the quality of sowing, is the sowing machine, and the opener group is the most important unit of the drill. It must remove lumps of soil from the row area, prepare the seedbed, lay the seeds on its dense bottom, maintain a given depth of its laying, ensure good contact of seeds with the soil, create a loose mulching layer. Despite their diversity, a universal combined device is needed that meets all agronomic and operational requirements for sowing seeds with different physical and mechanical properties. The most promising in this aspect are vibrating sowing machines, in which uniform sowing of seeds and fertilizers is achieved by transmitting their mass of oscillating motions. At vibration of loose material with a certain frequency and amplitude of oscillations friction forces between separate particles decrease, it becomes more fluffy, mobile. The method of sowing crops is determined by the required sowing density and the order of placement of plants per unit area. There are spreading, row, nesting, dotted and stubble methods of sowing and planting crops. The choice of sowing method largely depends on the sowing qualities of the seeds of the crop and soil and climatic conditions. Depending on this, the size of the row spacing and the distance between the plants is taken.

LABORATORY TESTS OF A FOUR-SECTION SEED WHEEL WITH GROOVES IN THE SHAPE OF A PART OF THE ROTATION SURFACE OF A TORUS

В статье рассматривается вопрос повышения качественного показателя посева семян зерновых культур, такого как неустойчивость общего высева и результаты лабораторных исследований экспериментального высевающего аппарата, катушка которого выполнена четырехсекционной, с желобками в форме части поверхности вращения тора. При помощи использования лабораторной установки проведены лабораторные исследования экспериментального высевающего аппарата для нахождения рациональных значений его конструктивных и режимных параметров, необходимых для качественной работы. Получены графические зависимости неустойчивости общего высева от частоты вращения катушки, выполненной четырехсекционной, радиуса образующей части поверхности вращения тора и длины желобка одной секции четырехсекционной катушки. В работе представлены двухмерные сечения графической зависимости, характеризующие неустойчивость общего высева от его конструктивных и режимных параметров экспериментального высевающего аппарата, катушка которого выполнена четырехсекционной, с желобками в форме части поверхности вращения тора, частота вращения катушки, выполненной четырехсекционной, радиус образующей части поверхности вращения тора и длина желобка одной секции четырехсекционной катушки, которые обеспечивают наименьшую неустойчивость общего высева [1, 2]. The article deals with the issue of improving the quality indicator of sowing cereal seeds, such as instability of total sowing and the results of laboratory research of experimental sowing machine, the reel of which is made four-sectional, with grooves in the form of a part of the torus surface rotation. Laboratory researches of experimental sowing machine to find rational values of its design and operating parameters necessary for quality work were carried out using a laboratory set-up. The graphical dependences of instability of total seeding on frequency of rotation of the four-sectional coil, the radius of the forming part of the torus rotation surface and the groove length of one section of the four-sectional wheel were obtained. The paper presents two-dimensional cross-sections of the graphic dependence that characterize the instability of total seeding on its design and operating parameters of the experimental seeding unit, the wheel of which is made four-sectional, with grooves in the form of a part of the torus rotation surface, the rotation frequency of the four-sectional wheel, the radius of the forming part of the torus rotation surface and the groove length of one section of the four-sectional wheel, which provide the lowest instability of the total seeding [1, 2].

BY IMPROVING BREEDING SEEDER SOWING DEVICE SMALL SEEDED CROPS

One of the most important stages of growing small-seeded crops in breeding is the sowing of seeds. Sowing should provide the most favorable conditions for seed germination and further plant development, which increases field germination and yield of breeding crops. One of such conditions is the uniformity of seed distribution in a row, which should be for breeding crops - 99.9%. According to the results of the analysis of the constructions of the existing sowing machines, their classification on the basis of the principle of operation of the machines and design features of the sowing mechanisms has been supplemented. As a result of patent information analysis, it was found that electromechanical sowing machines are the most effective during selective sowing of small-seeded crops, as they provide a sufficiently high seeding accuracy and have promising opportunities to change varieties directly during sowing in different areas. The analysis of the work of the sowing system "Maple" allowed to form the main ways of its improvement: it is necessary to improve the working body of the sowing machine to ensure the accuracy of sowing of small-seeded crops at the level of 99.9%; for sowing in areas of pre-seed production it is necessary to provide automatic loading of seeds of different varieties into the sowing machine; needs to improve the sowing system in areas of pre-seed production, taking into account GPS-tracking; the elements of the seeding system must be block for easy replacement in case of failure. To solve the set problems, the constructive-technological scheme of the sowing apparatus of the selection seeder of small-seeded crops is substantiated, which allows to fully automate the sowing process on the plots of pre-seed production almost without the breeder's participation with high seeding accuracy.