Surveillance Function in Law Enforcement in Indonesia: Integrated Criminal Justice System Perspective

This study aims to determine the role of law enforcement officer in integrated criminal justice system and to find the concept of surveillance patterns that need to be established for law enforcement officer for the future integrated criminal justice system (ius constituendum). This is normative legal research using a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. Analysis using qualitative methods and the results are presented in descriptive analysis report. The results show that the integrated criminal justice system did not have an integrated surveillance system in a special form that was implemented by the law enforcement officers and its society yet. It still applying an internal and conventional surveillance pattern. Hence, empowering the existing surveillance pattern and creating an integrated surveillance pattern could be a solution to overcome the weakness of the surveillance system in the Integrated Criminal Justice System nowadays which caused by the fragmented surveillance system without any external-cross institutional surveillance.

Specifics of Evidence in a Case on the Recovery of Monetary Amounts Due to Payment of Mandatory Payments and Sanctions Established by Law from Individuals

In the article, the author discusses the importance of using methods of proof in an administrative case that has its own legal nature and, thus, differs from civil proof. An algorithm for proving a specific type of administrative case has been developed for the law enforcement officer, which clearly shows both the subject and the limits of proof.

Key Characteristics of the Current Image of a Law Enforcement Officer: Problems of Formation and Perception

Defined are the critical competence characteristics of the current image of a police officer, the main trends in its change and to determine the problems of forming a whole positive image of a law enforcement officer in the conditions of modern Russia. The article shows the relevance and necessity of a positive image of a police officer in the mass consciousness. The author has carried out an empirical study that made it possible to determine the main parameters of the image of a modern police officer. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that in the course of a comparative analysis of the perceptions of a police officer by the internal and external segments of the target image audience, it was possible to establish not only the key image parameters of the police officer that are relevant at the moment, but also to determine the main contradictions in the image of a law enforcement officer and determine their main the reasons. As a result, it is shown that the current image of a police officer, on the one hand, is influenced by the stereotypes that were formed during the perestroika period, on the other, the images and ideas broadcast by the mass media, and on the third, the activities of the police themselves, perceived directly through personal contact. In addition, it was found that the main problem on the way of forming an integral favorable image of a law enforcement officer is the lack of a unified information policy in this area of activity, as well as the unregulated nature of multiple information flows by state structures, one way or another, affecting the perception of the activities of the internal affairs bodies of the mass audience, which ultimately gives rise to a contradictory and largely eclectic image.

Circumstances to Be Clarified under the Investigation of Interference into Law Enforcement Officer’s Activity

The author has substantiated the need to establish the circumstances to be clarified and has determined their significance during the investigation. It has been emphasized that the circumstances to be clarified include the circumstances to be proved in criminal proceedings, criminal and forensic characteristics of a criminal offense. In order to determine the circumstances to be clarified during the investigation of interference in the activities of a law enforcement officer, the author has studied the circumstances to be clarified within the group of criminal offenses related to obstruction of the activities of a law enforcement officer, as well as during the investigation of interference in the activities of a forensic expert. Taking into account the specified scientific provisions, the author has defined a detailed list of circumstances to be clarified during the investigation of interference in the activities of a law enforcement officer. It has been established that the circumstances to be clarified during the interference in the activities of a law enforcement officer include: 1) circumstances related to the criminal offense, namely: time, place, situation and traces of a criminal offense, methods of its commission (preparation, direct commission and concealment), tools and means used during the interference, the scope of procedural costs; circumstances that are the basis for ceasing criminal proceedings; the reasons and conditions that contributed to the commission of a criminal offense; 2) circumstances related to the identity of the victim, including: socio-demographic characteristics of the victim, place of work, position held; official and functional responsibilities, the victim’s belonging to a law enforcement agency during the commission of a criminal offense against him; the type and scope of damage caused to the victim; 3) circumstances related to the identity of the offender, namely: socio-demographic data of the offender, physiological and psychological condition, gender, citizenship, financial status, place of work, the record of criminal conviction and the facts of bringing to administrative liability; the presence of dependent disabled people; the presence of guilt in the form of direct intent, the purpose of the action; circumstances that aggravate or mitigate the punishment of the offender are grounds for releasing from criminal liability or punishment that exclude criminal liability; presence of accomplices.

Detective Dobrynin as a modern Uncle Styopa, or return to the image of a law enforcement officer in modern mass culture

Статья показывает возвращение в современную массовую культуру образа идеального работника правоохранительных органов – сыщика Добрынина. Автор анализирует стихи Д.М. Плоткина (Рязань) о сыщике Добрынине, выделяет основные черты образа полицейского, а также сравнивает его с образом самого известного советского милиционера в массовом искусстве – дядей Степой. The article shows the return of the image of an ideal law enforcement officer to the modern mass culture. The author analyzes the poems of D.M. Plotkin (Ryazan) about detective Dobrynin, highlights his main features, and draws a comparison with the image of the most famous Soviet policeman in mass art represented by Sergey Mikhalkov’s «Uncle Styopa».

THE CONCEPT OF "BEST INTEREST OF THE CHILD" IN INTERNATIONAL

The article examines the problem of defining the concept of "child's interest" in international and national law. Examples of different approaches to the definition of the "child's interest" in international acts, regulatory legal acts of the Republic of Belarus are given. The approaches of researchers to the question of defining the concept of "child's interest" are analyzed. It is concluded that, by defining the child's interest as the best, international law leaves freedom of interpretation to the law enforcement officer. In turn, in the national legislation, the child's interest is interpreted on the basis of the criterion of legality, which limits the interpretation of the "child's interest", does not meet modern conditions with rapidly developing social relations, which do not always have time to be reflected at the legislative level.

INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF PROFESSIONAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAINING OF LAW ENFORCEMENT EMPLOYEES

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study the issue of improving the effectiveness of professional and psychological training, providing suggestions for its improvementMethods. The research methodology consisted of a set of such methods as analytical, synthesis method, generalization and analogy, modeling, comparative and classification method.Results. Acquired in the process of preparation of knowledge, quality of skills and abilities should meet the needs of professional law enforcement and correlate with the requirements for the identity of law enforcement officers, which are defined in the professional characteristics of the profiles of the law enforcement officer. At this stage, it is advisable to form a unified system of professional and psychological training, in the context of which certain forms of psychological training could include a test stage, which would determine the level of theoretical knowledge of the employee, as well as the level of readiness of law enforcement officers. profile. During the preparation and direct application of knowledge and skills aimed at performing tasks of increased complexity, the mind of a law enforcement officer should be dominated by the image of a brave, determined, smart and successful law enforcement officer who is able, able and must, using their own physical, psychological and intellectual abilities, perform tasks and responsibilities and succeed. It is also advisable to use the following training techniques: to use models or individual elements of extreme situations, to provide recommendations according to the direction of work in which the employee works, to consolidate the relevant knowledge with special exercises.Conclusions. Psychological training, as an appropriate and necessary stage of becoming a law enforcement officer should include a full range of educational and training activities aimed at improving professional and psychological skills, psychological stability, high moral and psychological level, ensuring compliance with departmental regulations, as well as the formation of internal readiness conscientiously fulfill the requirements of official activity set before the employee.Key words: training, law enforcement officer, efficiency, training, psychological readiness. Мета статті – вивчення питання підвищення ефективності професійно-психологічної підготовки, надання пропозицій щодо її покращення.Методи. Методологію дослідження становить комплекс таких методів, як аналітичний, метод синтезу, узагальнення й аналогії, моделювання, порівняльний, метод класифікації.Результати. Нами визначено, що доцільне формування єдиної системи професійно-психологічної підготовки, у контексті якоїокремі форми психологічної підготовки могли б включати і тестовий етап, який би визначав рівень освоєння теоретичних знань працівником, а також рівень готовності працівника правоохоронних органів на підставі відповідності вимогам професіографічного профілю. Під час підготовки та безпосереднього застосування знань і вмінь, спрямованих на виконання поставлених завдань підвищеної складності, у свідомості працівника правоохоронних органів має переважати образ сміливого, рішучого, кмітливого й успішного правоохоронця, який здатен, уміє та повинен, за допомогою власних фізичних, психологічних та інтелектуальних здібностей, виконати поставлені завдання, обов’язки, досягти успіху. Доцільно також задіювати такі навчальні прийоми: використовувати моделі чи окремі елементи екстремальних ситуацій, надавати рекомендації згідно з напрямом роботи праців-ника, закріплювати відповідні знання спеціальними вправами.Висновки. Доведено, що психологічна підготовка буде ефективною, якщо буде включати у себе весь комплекс навчальних і тренувальних заходів, спрямованих на підвищення професійно-психологічної майстерності, психологічної стійкості, високого морально-психологічного рівня, забезпечення дотри-мання відомчих нормативно-правових приписів, а також формування внутрішньої готовності сумлінно виконувати поставлені перед працівником вимоги службової діяльності.Ключові слова: підготовка, працівник правоохоронних органів, ефективність, тренування, психо-логічна готовність.

On the Need and Possible Options for Changing the Rules for Determining Forms of Guilt

The current version of part 2 of article 24 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which appeared because of changes made to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in 1998, is rightly criticized for uncertainty. In the literature, various proposals are made to change the rules for determining the forms of guilt. The existing regulation needs adjusting, since it does not ensure the achievement of the initial goal of improving law enforcement, which was originally intended in part 2 of article 24, and does not comply with the principles of equality and legal certainty. The need to ensure compliance with these principles and achieve the original goal of the rule under consideration requires rejecting proposals to "legalize" the discretion of the law enforcement officer, the possibility of which arose due to the uncertainty of the current version of part 2 of article 24. Due to this uncertainty, compliance with the provisions of the Special part will not solve the existing problems. Unifying negligent crimes into a separate chapter, dividing the crimes in the existing chapters by paragraphs, depending on the form of guilt, is too difficult a way if we are talking about improving the current Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Clear automatic consolidation of the possibility of both forms of guilt does not provide the required differentiation of punishment.Restoring the original version of part 2 of article 24 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is an acceptable and easiest way, but there is a reason to believe that the rule changed in this way will fail to ensure that the law enforcement officer follows it. The inclusion of a form of guilt clause in the description of each body of a crime might be an effective means of limiting the discretion of the law enforcement officer, but this method is difficult to implement. It combines the features of these two methods of fixing the rule in the form of a list of crimes involving a particular form of guilt, by analogy with how the age at which criminal responsibility begins is now established.

Public Policy Interests and Algorithm for Determining the Law Applicable to Private Law Relations Complicated by a Foreign Element

The study contains a step-by-step algorithm for determining the law applicable to private cross-border legal relations. The algorithm is developed based on legislation, law enforcement practice and doctrine. The initial rule of the sequential execution of the stages (steps) of the algorithm is a mechanism in which the determination of the law applicable to the legal relationship at one of the stages excludes the subsequent stages of the algorithm. Public policy interests dictate the rules for determining the law to be applied to private law relations complicated by a foreign element. The establishment by the legislator and law enforcement officer of the closest connection between the interests of conflicting public orders (legal orders) with elements of cross-border legal relations is the basis for the process regulation in the Russian Federation. At the first, second and third stages of the algorithm, the interests of the domestic public order (law and order) dominate. At the fourth stage of the algorithm, public interests in the part not regulated by super imperative norms are correlated with the agreement of the parties on the choice of the applicable law. At the fifth — eighth stages of the algorithm, the law enforcement officer is guided by the rules established by the legislator taking into account the interests of public orders that are conflicting in cross-border legal relations. At the last, ninth stage of the algorithm, the applicable law is established by the judge based on the closest connection between the interests of public order (law and order) with elements of crossborder legal relations.