School Sanitation-Related Psychosocial Stressors among Nigerian Students

Psychosocial stressors are indicative of challenges associated with the social and environmental conditions an individual is subjected to. In a bid to clearly understand the present gaps in school sanitation, this cross-sectional study aimed to identify the sanitation-related psychosocial stressors experienced by students in a Nigerian peri-urban community and their associated impacts. A three-stage sampling technique was used to select 400 students from 10 schools. The students to toilet ratio were 1,521:0 and 1,510:0 for the public-school boys and girls, respectively, and 74:1 and 70:1 for the private-school boys and girls, respectively. Furthermore, public-school students had a significantly higher average stress level (P < 0.001, η2p = 0.071) and a significantly higher proportion of students experiencing school absenteeism (P < 0.001; odds ratio [OR] = 4.8; 95% confidence interval [C.I] = 2.7–8.2), missed classes (P < 0.001; OR = 5.8; CI = 2.8–12.0), long urine/fecal retention time (P < 0.001; OR = 2.9; CI = 1.8–4.7), open defecation practice (P < 0.001; OR = 4.2; CI = 2.5–7.1), and open defecation-related anxiety (P < 0.001; OR = 3.6; CI = 2.0–6.5). Moreover, the inability to practice menstrual hygiene management was significantly associated with student-reported monthly school absence among girls (P < 0.001; OR = 4.5; CI = 2.2–9.4). Overall, over 50% of the respondents had reportedly been subjected to at least 14 of the 17 stressors outlined. The most prevalent stressors identified were concerns about disease contraction, toilet cleanliness, toilet phobia, privacy, and assault/injury during open defecation/urination. In conclusion, results show that the absence of functional sanitation facilities purportedly has a grievous effect on the mental, physical, social, and academic well-being of the students. This was clearly seen among public-school students. Subsequent sanitation interventions need to be targeted at ameliorating identified stressors.

Overview of School Sanitation Facilities Readiness During The Corona Virus Disease 19 Pandemic

Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) is a virus that can spread rapidly from human to human. Adequacy of Sanitation Facilities will support the process of preventing transmission. The plan to reopen schools will have the potential to become a cluster of COVID-19 transmission, if not supported by adequate sanitation facilities.The research objective was to analyze the readiness of school sanitation facilities related to CTPS facilities in the prevention of COVID-19 at SMK Negeri 1 Lubuk Linggau city.This study is a qualitative descriptive study with an observational approach. Information is obtained through in-depth interviews, observation, and document review. The data analysis used is content analysis with the triangulation method. The results showed that the CTPS facility was available but not equipped with a sink, no drying equipment, and the conditions were poorly maintained. The provision of hand sanitizer-based CTPS facilities has been budgeted for with BOS funds. In the implementation of CTPS, there are still school members who do not know how to wash their hands properly and correctly. The school has prepared spare masks, thermogenic as an effort to prevent COVID-19. The implementation of COVID-19 prevention has not been optimal because there are still school residents who do not optimally implement health protocols in education units.

Knowledge, Practice of Personal Hygiene, School Sanitation, and Risk Factors of Contracting Diarrhea among Rural Students from Five Western Provinces in China

Background: Diarrhea is a global public health issue and a leading cause of childhood malnutrition, growth disturbances, and mortality. The spread of diarrhea is closely linked to the knowledge and maintenance of personal hygiene and quality of drinking water and sanitation facilities. However, there are few such investigations and analysis in rural areas of China. This study aims to determine the association between the risk of contracting diarrhea and knowledge and practices of personal hygiene and school sanitation among rural students as well as provide a scientific basis for preventing the spread of diarrhea and other infectious diseases. A stratified cluster sampling method was used to randomly select 12 rural primary schools in each of 5 counties where the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Plus Program has been implemented. The counties are located in the Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, Chongqing municipality, Guizhou province, Yunnan province, and Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region. A single fourth-grade class was randomly chosen from each of the 60 schools for observation and a questionnaire survey. The study involved a total of 2330 students. The logistic regression method was adopted to determine the factors contributing to diarrhea in rural students. The results show that male students accounted for 49.40% (n = 1151) of the 2330 research subjects; the average age of the students was 9.9 ± 0.3 years. Approximately 33.09% of the students suffered from diarrhea in the three months leading up to the survey. The odds ratios (ORs) of students who did not know that “diarrhea can be prevented by washing fruits before eating them raw and not drinking untreated water” (OR: 1.303, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.063, 1.597) and that “the disease can be prevented by washing hands before meals and after going to the toilet” (OR: 1.522, 95% CI: 1.207, 1.920) were higher than those who knew the above stated facts. Students who “have drunk untreated water at school” (OR: 1.584, 95% CI: 1.268, 1.978), “have drunk untreated water at home” (OR: 1.643, 95% CI: 1.319, 2.048), and “did not wash hands before every meal” (OR: 1.490, 95% CI: 1.120, 1.983) were at a higher risk of contracting diarrhea than those who drank treated water at school and at home and washed their hands before every meal. Diarrhea was more likely to affect students who attended schools with unclean and poorly maintained toilets (OR: 1.586, 95% CI: 1.261, 1.995) or toilets with flies (OR: 1.383, 95% CI: 1.114, 1.717) and without adequate drinking water facilities (OR: 1.407, 95% CI: 1.009, 1.962). The knowledge of methods to maintain personal hygiene, general hygiene practices, and school sanitation are the three major risk factors that account for the spread of diarrhea among rural students from five western provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) of China. Therefore, to prevent such diseases and maintain health, it is important to provide students with health education, help them develop good hygiene habits, ensure the provision of clean water at schools, and improve the overall school environments.

MUHAMMADIYAH PRIMARY SCHOOL SANITATION DESCRIPTION IN SAWANGAN DEPOK 2018

Background: Children are the next generation of the nation, so they need a healthy environment in order to work optimally and they spend more time at school so school sanitation is needed. School sanitation is an important element in efforts to improve the quality of education. Increased access to sanitation in schools can have a significant impact on improving the quality of students' health at school. Only around 11.43% of schools from all levels in Indonesia have separate and functioning latrines. Whereas an average of 52.49% of schools have inappropriate toilets, are not separate, or do not function. Muhammadiyah Primary School Sawangan, is one of the places of education where environmental health conditions are quite alarming and have a high risk of diarrhea. The purpose of this research is to know the description of school environmental sanitation in Muhammadiyah primary School Sawangan based on the Decree of the Minister of Health RI Number 1429/Menkes/SK/XII/2006. Methods: The research method used is descriptive qualitative approach. This research was conducted with an observation approach and in-depth interviews related to school sanitation facilities and informants were the Principal and janitor in November 2018. Conclusion: Based on the Decree of the Minister of Health RI No. 1429/Menkes/SK/XII/2006, clean water facilities at primary School Muhammadiyah, Sawangan are categorized as good, toilet facilities are not appropriate, SPAL facilities are appropriate, waste disposal facilities are not appropriate.

Penyusunan Basis Data Infrastruktur Sanitasi Sekolah Dasar Negeri Berbasis Website di Kecamatan Rasau Jaya

<p>The compilation of a database of public primary school sanitation infrastructure in Rasau Jaya District is based on the 2007 Minister of Education Regulation on the standards for facilities and infrastructure of public primary schools in Indonesia. Besides, this research is also an effort to support the Kubu Raya District one data program which aims to help district governments in planning district programs so that they can be implemented properly and accurately in the field of public elementary school sanitation infrastructure. In this study direct observations to the site and conduct interviews related to the availability of primary school sanitation infrastructure. The number of public elementary schools included in the research area is 18 public elementary schools spread across 6 villages in Rasau Jaya District. The results of this study are in the form of a website-based elementary school sanitation infrastructure database which can be viewed on the website www.sigsanitasikuburaya.com. On the website, data can be seen including the availability of handwashing facilities, latrine facilities, clean water facilities, menstrual facilities, waste management facilities, and drainage facilities.</p>

The Relationship of Gender, School Sanitation and Personal Hygiene with Helminthiasis at Juhar Karo Regency in North Sumatera Province, Indonesia

BACKGROUND: Helminthiasis is a parasitic disease in human that causes a disturbance in food absorption and lead to malnutrition. The disease slowly impacts on the intelligence. The incidence of helminthiasis in Indonesia remains high, ranging from 2.5% to 62%. A preliminary study found that the proportion of helminthiasis in children is 31.25%. AIM: The aim of the study to analyse the relationship between age, school sanitation and personal hygiene with helminthiasis elementary school children in Juhar Karo Regency in 2019. METHODS: This was an observational study with a cross-sectional design. Subjects were children in grades IV, V and VI with and without helminthiasis. A total of 194 children selected by proportional random sampling were enrolled. Data were collected by interview, observation, and stool examination with the Kato-Katz method. RESULTS: The proportion of helminthiasis in boys was 51.0%, the proportion of poor sanitation in school was 36.6%, and the proportion of poor personal hygiene was 67.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Personal hygiene was significantly associated with the incidence of helminthiasis (RP = 6.052; 95% CI = 3.029-12.902; P-value = 0.001). Improved personal hygiene may prevent the occurrence of helminthiasis. CONCLUSION: The proportion of helminthiasis in elementary school students in this region was 50.0%. Personal hygiene has been shown to be related to helminthiasis. In this study, subjects with poor personal hygiene had a chance of 6.052 times greater to experience helminth infection compared to subjects who had good personal hygiene.

Domains of transmission and association of community, school, and household sanitation with soil-transmitted helminth infections among children in coastal Kenya

IntroductionFew studies have simultaneously examined the role of sanitation conditions at the home, school, and community on soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infection. We examined the contribution of each domain that children inhabit (home, village, and school) and estimated the association of sanitation in each domain with STH infection.MethodsUsing data from 4,104 children from Kwale County, Kenya, who reported attending school, we used logistic regression models with cross-classified random effects to calculate measures of general contextual effects and estimate associations of village, school, and household sanitation with STH infection.FindingsWe found reported use of a sanitation facility by households was associated with reduced prevalence of hookworm infection but not with reduced prevalence of T. trichiura infection. School sanitation coverage > 3 toilets per 100 pupils was associated with lower prevalence of hookworm infection. School sanitation was not associated with T. trichiura infection. Village sanitation coverage > 81% was associated with reduced prevalence of T. trichiura infection, but no protective association was detected for hookworm infection. General contextual effects represented by residual heterogeneity between village and school domains had comparable impact upon likelihood of hookworm and T. trichiura infection as sanitation coverage in either of these domains.ConclusionFindings support the importance of providing good sanitation facilities to support mass drug administration in reducing the burden of STH infection in children.Author SummaryInfection by whipworm and hookworm results from either ingestion of eggs or larvae or through skin exposure to larvae. These eggs and larvae develop in suitable soils contaminated with openly-deposited human faeces. Safe disposal of faeces should reduce transmission of these soil-transmitted helminths (STH), yet evidence of the impact of sanitation on STH transmission remains limited. We used data collected during a large, community-wide survey to measure prevalence of STH infections in coastal Kenya in 2015 to examine the relationship between sanitation conditions at home, school, and village and the presence of STH infection among 4,104 children who reported attending schools. We found that sanitation access at home and school sanitation coverage, but not the overall level of village sanitation coverage, was protective against hookworm infection. In contrast, only high village sanitation coverage, but not home or school sanitation, was protective against whipworm infection. Current STH control strategies emphasise periodic deworming through mass drug administration (MDA) of at-risk populations, including school-age children. Our findings highlight the need for continued efforts, alongside MDA, to extend access to good sanitation facilities at homes, schools, and across communities.

Improving the use of qualitative comparative analysis for inferring complex causation in development and planning research

Empirical research methods provide the necessary means to extract relevant information from data. Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), one such method, is currently making first inroads into the development and planning (D&P) community. On the one hand, QCA is well suited for building empirically founded theories emphasizing causal complexity. On the other hand, however, current use of QCA in D&P research is marked by problematic applications of this method whose results misrepresent the empirical evidence marshaled to support them. Policy recommendations that stand on shaky grounds have been issued in consequence. By reanalyzing a recent empirical study on school sanitation maintenance in Belize, this method workshop article shows how the use of QCA can be improved, which should in turn lead to more solid, evidence-based policy recommendations for development interventions.