The mutual influence of the uterus and ovaries

Takakusu (Arch, fm A. and. Entwicklmech., Bd. 102, H), putting on mice a series of experiments with the extirpation of the uterus, injections of extracts from this organ, with parabiosis and reinforcement of the uterus, came to the conclusion that both the uterus and and the ovary have a hormonal effect on each other 'The influence of the uterus is expressed in the fact that it delays the development of luteal tissue and leads to the reverse development of already formed yellow bodies

EFEITO DE DIFERENTES MÉTODOS DE INDUÇÃO À PUBERDADE SOBRE A RESPOSTA REPRODUTIVA EM NOVILHAS NELORE

Analisou-se a influência de diferentes protocolos de indução de puberdade em novilhas Nelore por meio da avaliação de dados referentes a 1528 animais relacionados ao resultado da avaliação ginecológica antes da realização do protocolo de indução, escore de condição corporal (ECC), peso médio e idade, protocolo de indução utilizado e resultado do diagnóstico de gestação. Após a tabulação dos dados foram realizadas análises estatísticas por meio do teste de Qui-Quadrado. Com relação ao ECC, 100% das fêmeas foram classificadas entre 3 e 3,5. Quanto a idade e peso, 30,9% possuíam em média 14 meses e pesavam cerca de 270 kg, e 69,1% cerca de 20 meses com peso médio de 320 kg. As novilhas que passaram por protocolo de indução apresentaram 8,3% a mais na taxa de prenhez. O protocolo que utilizou apenas progesterona injetável (P4) de longa ação apresentou os mesmos resultados do tratamento com dispositivo intravaginal reutilizável associado ao cipionato de estradiol. Conclui-se que a progesterona é eficaz para indução de puberdade em novilhas a partir dos 14 meses de idade com peso médio de 270kg, além disso, a utilização da P4 injetável pode ser uma alternativa eficaz para uso como protocolo de indução de novilhas pré-puberes. Palavras-chave: indução de ovulação; progesterona; taxa de concepção; tratamento hormonal. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PUBERTY-INDUCTION METHODS ON REPRODUCTIVE RESPONSE IN NELLORE HEIFERS ABSTRACT: Examines the influence of different puberty induction protocols in Nellore heifers. Data referring to 1528 Nellore heifers related to the result of gynecological evaluation before the induction protocol; body condition score (BCS); average heifer weight and age; induction protocol used; and result of pregnancy diagnosis. After data tabulation, statistical analyses were performed using the Chi-Square test. For BCS, 100% of the females were classified between 3 and 3.5. In terms of age and weight, 30.9% had an average age of 14 months and weighed approximately 270 kg, whereas 69.1% were around 20 months old, with an average weight of 320 kg. Heifers that underwent an induction protocol showed an 8.3% higher pregnancy rate. The protocol that involved only long-acting injectable progesterone (P4) provided the same results as the treatment with the reusable intravaginal device associated with estradiol cypionate. In conclusion, progesterone is effective for inducing puberty in Nellore heifers from 14 months of age with an average weight of 270 kg. in addition, the use of injectable P4 can be an effective alternative as an induction protocol for prepubertal Nellore heifers. Keywords: conception rate; hormonal treatment; ovulation induction; progesterone.

Gene Expression of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Receptors in Some of the Reproductive Organs of Giant African Land Snail (Archachatina marginata)

The role of receptors in the exertion of the hormonal effect on their target cell creates a better understanding of the mechanism of action of hormones. In the snail, Archachatina marginata, there is a dearth of information on the gene expression of FSH and LH receptors. This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of exogenous administration of gonadotropin (PMSG) and some sex steroid hormones (Progesterone (P4) and 17β-Oestradiol (E2)) on the levels of gene expression of FSH and LH in some selected reproductive organs of Archachatina marginata. The experiment was laid out in 4x3x2 factorial design in Completely Randomised Design comprising of 432 snails randomly allotted to 24 treatment groups of 18 snails per group of Control, P4, E2 and PMSG at 3 dosage levels (Low-1 µg/ml, Medium-5 µg/ml and High-10 µg/ml for P4 and E2; and Low-1 IU/ml, Medium-10 IU/ml and High-20 IU/ml for PMSG) at 2 durations of injections (16-days of four injections and 32-days of eight injections). The gel viewed under the ultra-violet light source showed that the expression of LHR receptor did not appear in all the organs considered. However, FSHR receptor was noted in their appearance in the albumen gland, little hermaphrodite duct, common hermaphrodite duct and vagina of A. marginata. Administration of E2 of 5 µg/ml for 16 days and 32 days increase the gene expression of FSH receptors in the common hermaphrodite duct and vagina of A. marginata respectively. Also, injections of 5 µg/ml of P4 for 16 days gave a relative increase in the levels of expression of FSH receptors in the little hermaphrodite duct, while the highest level was on the albumen of snails injected with 1 µg/ml of E2 for 32-days of eight injections. Injection of 5 µl/ml of P4 for 16-days of four injections, 5 µl/ml of E2 for 32-days of eight injections, 5 µl/ml of E2 for 16-days of four injections, 1 µl/ml of E2 of 32-days of eight injections increased the gene expression of FSH in the little hermaphrodite duct, vagina, common hermaphrodite duct and albumen respectively. Therefore, it is informed here that administration of P4, E2 and PMSG exogenously to A. marginata of reproductive age induces an increase in the levels of gene expression of FSH receptors.

Reduction in the spray drift of 2,4-D in tomato using hydraulic nozzles with air induction and LI-700 adjuvant

ABSTRACT The drift of hormonal effect herbicides is a major problem for agriculture, because, even in small amounts, it may cause high losses in crops with plants that are sensitive to their action mechanism. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of hydraulic spray nozzles with air induction, as well as the use of the LI-700 adjuvant, in the reduction of the 2,4-D herbicide drift, in tomato crop. A complete randomized split-plot experimental design, with eight replications, was used. Two herbicide solutions were assigned in the plots (with or without the use of adjuvant) [2,4-D (670 g ha-1) and 2,4-D (670 g ha-1) + LI-700 (712.88 g ha-1)], and, in the subplots, five nozzle models [simple fan (JSF11003), simple fan with air induction (AD-IA11003), dual fan with air induction (AD-IA/D11003), simple hammer fan with air induction (TTI11003-VP) and empty cone with air induction (CV-IA10003). The treatments were applied in a wind tunnel, under a pressure of 300 kPa. In a laser analyzer, applying only water, the volumetric median diameter, the relative amplitude and the percentage of drops with diameter lower than 150 µm were measured for all nozzle models. The CV-IA10003 and TTI11003-VP hydraulic nozzles outstand by reducing the 2,4-D herbicide drift and decreasing the damage to tomato plants. The addition of the LI-700 adjuvant to the 2,4-D syrup, independently of the nozzle model, reduces the drift of this herbicide and its effects on the tomato plant root. However, even when adopting these technologies, the application of the 2,4-D herbicide near the tomato crop should be avoided.

Migraine in Women

Migraine is one of the most common neurological disorders, affecting women disproportionally at a rate of 3:1. Prior to puberty, boys and girls are equally affected, but the female preponderance emerges after puberty. Migraine pathophysiology is not fully understood, and although the hormonal effect of estrogen is significant, other factors are at play. This article will focus on the hormonal influence on migraine in women. Here we review our most recent understanding of migraine and menstrual migraine, including epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment strategies for this challenging disorder, as well as migraine during pregnancy, postpartum period, breastfeeding, perimenopause, and menopause. We also review the risks and benefits of exogenous hormone use in this population and discuss stroke risk in women with migraine aura. By understanding these aspects of migraine in women, we hope to arm practitioners with the knowledge and tools to help guide treatment of this debilitating disorder in this large population.

Management of Repeat Breeding Syndrome in Cows

The aims of this study were to identify the status of repeat breeding syndrome (RBS) in a dairy farm, to establish the main cause of RBS and to reduce the number of RBS using the Ovsynch protocol. 20 cows were diagnosed with RBS using computer analysis of the herd and a specific diagnosis for the cause of RBS was attempted. Subsequently, they were divided into 2 groups: cows in group 1 (n=10) received no hormonal treatment while those in group 2 (n=10) were treated using the Ovsynch protocol. Artificial insemination and pregnancy diagnosis was performed in all cows. The 70% pregnancy rate obtained for Ovsynch showed that the hormonal effect as well as correct timing of insemination had a significant influence on RBS, pointing out towards the managerial factor as one of the main causes of RBS. The cow factor was also included, as endometritis, follicular cysts and anovulatory heats were diagnosed.