Comparative and contrastive analysis of French conjunctive expressions «autant que», «d'autant que and d'autant plus que» and their Spanish equivalents

The article is an attempt of a semantic and syntactic analysis of French complex conjunctions autant que, d'autant que and d'autant plus que. The author undertakes to find out which means of conjunction can be regarded as their equivalents in Spanish. The research is based on the data provided by dictionaries and translations of French fiction and press into Spanish. The article defines the grammatical status and lexical meaning of the conjunctions autant que, d'autant que and d'autant plus que and their Spanish equivalents, analyzes the conditions of their functioning in speech, reveals common features and differences in the fields of syntagmatics and paradigmatics. The conjunction autant que can denote a variety of meanings and their shades: comparison, limitation, equivalence, condition, concession. In Spanish it corresponds to tanto como, como, cuanto, hasta donde, según lo que, en lo que, todo lo que and the combination a más po + infinitive, cuando, por mucho que. French verbless constructions containing autant que can be translated by Spanish constructions containing lo que, lo mismo que, el mismo + noun + que, al mismo tiempo. French conjunctions d'autant plus que and d'autant que correspond in Spanish to tanto más cuanto que, tanto más cuanto, tanto más que. These conjunctions serve to indicate additional motivation for the action described in the mainsentence. They introduce subordinate clauses expressing additional reason and operate within constructions consisting of three components: the motivated message, the main reason, and the additional reason.

Laplace, Hansen-Sargent and Beveridge-Nelson a note towards unified business application

The paper derives the equivalence condition between the Beveridge-Nelson decomposition and the Hansen-Sargent prediction formula in continuous time using Laplace transforms. The results presented show how the Hansen-Sargent prediction formula is relevant not just for present value discounting but also for the trend-cycle decomposition of cash flow streams in corporate finance.

An electro-mechanically coupled computational multiscale formulation for electrical conductors

Motivated by experimental findings on deformation induced microcracks in thin metal films and by their influence on the effective macroscopic electrical conductivity, a computational multiscale formulation for electrical conductors is proposed in this contribution. In particular, averaging theorems for kinematic quantities and for their energetic duals are discussed, an extended version of the Hill–Mandel energy equivalence condition is proposed and suitable boundary conditions for the microscale problem are elaborated. The implementation of the proposed framework in a two-scale finite element environment is shown and representative boundary value problems are studied in two- and three-dimensional settings.

Channels’ Confirmation and Predictions’ Confirmation: From the Medical Test to the Raven Paradox

After long arguments between positivism and falsificationism, the verification of universal hypotheses was replaced with the confirmation of uncertain major premises. Unfortunately, Hemple proposed the Raven Paradox. Then, Carnap used the increment of logical probability as the confirmation measure. So far, many confirmation measures have been proposed. Measure F proposed by Kemeny and Oppenheim among them possesses symmetries and asymmetries proposed by Elles and Fitelson, monotonicity proposed by Greco et al., and normalizing property suggested by many researchers. Based on the semantic information theory, a measure b* similar to F is derived from the medical test. Like the likelihood ratio, measures b* and F can only indicate the quality of channels or the testing means instead of the quality of probability predictions. Furthermore, it is still not easy to use b*, F, or another measure to clarify the Raven Paradox. For this reason, measure c* similar to the correct rate is derived. Measure c* supports the Nicod Criterion and undermines the Equivalence Condition, and hence, can be used to eliminate the Raven Paradox. An example indicates that measures F and b* are helpful for diagnosing the infection of Novel Coronavirus, whereas most popular confirmation measures are not. Another example reveals that all popular confirmation measures cannot be used to explain that a black raven can confirm “Ravens are black” more strongly than a piece of chalk. Measures F, b*, and c* indicate that the existence of fewer counterexamples is more important than more positive examples’ existence, and hence, are compatible with Popper’s falsification thought.

A MORE DEVASTATING VERSION OF THE RAVEN PARADOX

Hempel's famous Raven Paradox derives from Nicod's criteria for confirmation and the Equivalence Condition, the unintuitive conclusion that things like white roses, green T-shirts and ice cubes confirm the raven hypothesis ‘All ravens are black.’ By a small rearrangement of the Equivalence Condition, I show that we can also derive the conclusion, which sounds even more intuitively intolerable, that observation of black ravens fails to confirm the raven hypothesis. We are left with the contradictory result that black ravens both confirm and do not confirm the raven hypothesis.

TESTING EQUIVALENCE OF PURE QUANTUM STATES AND GRAPH STATES UNDER SLOCC

A set of necessary and sufficient conditions are derived for the equivalence of an arbitrary pure state and a graph state on n qubits under stochastic local operations and classical communication (SLOCC), using the stabilizer formalism. Because all stabilizer states are equivalent to graph states by local unitary transformations, these conditions constitute a classical algorithm for the determination of SLOCC-equivalence of pure states and stabilizer states. This algorithm provides a distinct advantage over the direct solution of the SLOCC-equivalence condition |ψ〉 = S|g〉 for an unknown invertible local operator S, as it usually allows for easy detection of states that are not SLOCC-equivalent to graph states.

Vehicle Simulation on the Test Bench

International emission tests (EPA, SFTP, MVEG-B, J-10.15, etc.) are carried out with vehicles running on the rolls dynamometer. Results, in terms of total emissions, are influenced by vehicles parameters such as mass, gear ratios, front surface, drag coefficient, etc. It would be useful, in the automobiles design phase, to have information about the impact of these parameters on total emissions. The obvious solution would be to build up a complete vehicle model to simulate performance and emission levels. Engine pollutants production modeling is the weak point, since it is difficult to obtain reliable results. Anyway it is possible to avoid pollutants production simulation, testing the actual engine under the same operating condition it would face inside the car’s hood. This paper describes a methodology whose aim is to test the engine on a standard test bench, simulating on-board operating conditions. An equivalence condition has to be satisfied in order to guarantee the methodology effectiveness: engine speed and Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) must always match for the two types of test performed on the same driving cycle. Engine speed and torque can be controlled through the bench actuators, their values depending on the simulated vehicle motion: once the car dynamics are simulated by means of a model, engine speed and torque corresponding to the given driving cycle can in fact be evaluated. The model is solved in real time, its output being the brake load torque value satisfying the equivalence condition. The brake controller, used as a slave, regulates the engine operating conditions consequently. The global model incorporates tires, aerodynamic forces, clutch, gearbox and driveline behaviors simulation: its response has been first validated comparing its outputs with data measured on board, and then it has been used to control an eddy current brake, for vehicle test simulation on the test bench. Two different control philosophies can be used: either a human driver or an automatic controller can ride the simulated car. The influence of vehicle parameters and gearshift mode on fuel consumption and pollutant emissions can be investigated.