Perubahan Tradisi Penempatan Masyarakat Melayu Brunei di Kawasan Pantai Barat Borneo Utara: Impak Terhadap Sosioekonomi (1881-1941)

Makalah ini adalah berkaitan dengan perubahan tradisi penempatan masyarakat Melayu Brunei di kawasan pantai barat Borneo Utara (1881-1941) dan impaknya terhadap sosioekonomi masyarakat ini semasa zaman pentadbiran British North Borneo (Charted) Company (BNBC). Tujuan utama makalah ini ialah untuk menjelaskan perubahan serta pengekalan penempatan masyarakat ini selepas tamatnya pemerintahan Kesultanan Brunei. Pengambilalihan BNBC terhadap Borneo Utara menyebabkan wujudnya pemisahan pemerintahan di antara masyarakat Melayu Brunei di Borneo Utara dengan masyarakat Melayu di negara Brunei Darussalam dalam aspek sosial dan ekonomi. Perubahan dan pengekalan penempatan inilah yang akan cuba dibahaskan dalam penulisan ini adalah bagi memahami ajukan masyarakat Melayu Brunei wujud sebagai sebuah entiti masyarakat yang berbeza daripada masyarakat Melayu yang berada di negara Brunei Darussalam.

The Kadazans and Sabah Politics

<p>The Kadazans - the indigenous non-Muslim tribal people of what was North Borneo under Chartered Company rule and is now Sabah, a state of Malaysia - have for the most part throughout their history been governed by others than themselves. Before European contact Muslim overlords from Brunei or the Sulu archipelago exercised a tenuous sovereignty; the London-based Chartered Company was concerned to extract wealth for shareholders and to keep the indigenes quiescent; and since the formation of Malaysia, with the covert or overt support of the federal government in Kuala Lumpur, for the greater part of the time Muslim rule has prevailed. This thesis is a detailed examination of the last quarter-of-a-century's political life in Sabah, with particular reference to the role of the Kadazan community therein. The growth of Kadazan consciousness or "nationalism" is traced, and the evolution of their political parties and fortunes. Political and socio-economic developments within the state are linked always to the federal framework within which they take place and must be understood. The author has been and is a participant-observer in the history with which he deals having been both newspaper editor and Radio Sabah commentator; back-bench M.P. in opposition and front-bench Cabinet Minister in Government; grass roots activist in villages and legal advisor to the present Government of Sabah headed by a Kadazan, Datuk Joseph Pairin Kitingan.</p>

The Kadazans and Sabah Politics

<p>The Kadazans - the indigenous non-Muslim tribal people of what was North Borneo under Chartered Company rule and is now Sabah, a state of Malaysia - have for the most part throughout their history been governed by others than themselves. Before European contact Muslim overlords from Brunei or the Sulu archipelago exercised a tenuous sovereignty; the London-based Chartered Company was concerned to extract wealth for shareholders and to keep the indigenes quiescent; and since the formation of Malaysia, with the covert or overt support of the federal government in Kuala Lumpur, for the greater part of the time Muslim rule has prevailed. This thesis is a detailed examination of the last quarter-of-a-century's political life in Sabah, with particular reference to the role of the Kadazan community therein. The growth of Kadazan consciousness or "nationalism" is traced, and the evolution of their political parties and fortunes. Political and socio-economic developments within the state are linked always to the federal framework within which they take place and must be understood. The author has been and is a participant-observer in the history with which he deals having been both newspaper editor and Radio Sabah commentator; back-bench M.P. in opposition and front-bench Cabinet Minister in Government; grass roots activist in villages and legal advisor to the present Government of Sabah headed by a Kadazan, Datuk Joseph Pairin Kitingan.</p>

The Administration of Hajj in Brunei under the British Residency (1906 – 1954): A Historical Perspective

This article explores the historical perspective of the administration of hajj in Brunei under the British Residency from 1906 until 1954. The pilgrimage reports were initially issued by the British and the British-Indian Officers. Malaysian pilgrims were previously misclassified as Javanese due to oversimplification of the officers in charge before the 1920s. Nevertheless, Bruneian pilgrims might interrelate with the same problem as they shared the same hajj routes. Eventually in the 1920s, the pilgrimage reports were mainly handled by the Malay Pilgrimage officer who was also known as the Malayan Pilgrimage Commissioner in 1948. The Malayan Pilgrimage Commissioner was responsible in handling the pilgrims from Brunei, Federation of Malaya, Sarawak, North Borneo, and Singapore during the pilgrimage season in Mecca at the time. Even though the Malayan Pilgrimage Commissioner eliminated the misclassification of Malaysian pilgrims, Bruneian pilgrims continued to be enumerated together with pilgrims from Malaysia under the rubric of ‘Malay Pilgrims’. Primary and secondary research method are conducted for this article where various primary and secondary sources related to the administration of hajj in Brunei from 1906 until 1954 are used. This article discusses the roles and duties of the British Residents, local officers, Malayan Pilgrimage Commissioner, Medical Officers, and Sheikh Haji (Hajj Sheikh) in the hajj administration of the pilgrims from Brunei. This article further analyses British interests behind their involvements in the hajj administration.

New data on the pygmy grasshopper genus Epitettix Hancock, 1907 (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae)

The species composition of the genus Epitettix (Tetrigidae: Cladonotinae) is discussed. The differential diagnosis of the genus is given. New synonymies are proposed: Epitettix Hancock, 1907 = Vaotettix Podgornaja, 1986, syn. nov., = Pseudepitettix Zheng, 1995, syn. nov. Two new taxa are described, namely Epitettix mikhailovi sp. nov. from Vietnam (Gia Lai Province) and Epitettix punctatus montanus subsp. nov. from Malaysia (Sabah, North Borneo). Seven new combinations are established: Epitettix guibeiensis (Zheng et Jiang, 1995), comb. nov., E. hainanensis (Deng, 2020), comb. nov., E. linaoshanensis (Liang et Jiang, 2004), comb. nov., E. nigritibis (Zheng et Jiang, 2000), comb. nov., E. pimkarnae (Storozhenko et Dawwrueng, 2014), comb. nov., E. strictivertex (Deng, 2020), comb. nov., and E. parallelus (Podgornaja, 1986), comb. nov. The unknown male of the latter species is also described and illustrated.

PERJANJIAN PENYERAHAN WILAYAH UTARA BORNEO 1865, 1877 DAN 1878: TINJAUAN AWAL TERHADAP PERBANDINGAN INTIPATI PERJANJIAN

Makalah ini merupakan satu usaha untuk membahaskan semula pandangan mengenai perjanjian-perjanjian 1865, 1877 dan 1878 tentang penyerahan wilayah utara Borneo oleh Kesultanan Brunei dan Kesultanan Sulu kepada British North Borneo (Chatered) Company (BNBC) yang diwakili oleh Overbeck dan Alfred Dent. Sumber primer sedia ada telah diinterpretasi semula oleh penulis dalam perspektif yang baharu. Dihujahkan bahawa perjanjian penyerahan wilayah utara Borneo pada tahun 1865, 1877 dan 1878 yang dilakukan oleh Kesultanan Brunei dan Kesultanan Sulu ini telah menghasilkan suatu peristiwa yang dilihat daripada dua dimensi yang berbeza di dalam pensejarahan Borneo Utara. Kajian lepas banyak diteluri dengan sumber dokumentasi barat sehingga mengabaikan sumber tempatan yang dianggap bersifat berat sebelah terutamanya apabila Kesultanan Brunei menafikan penyerahan sebahagian wilayah utara Borneo kepada Kesultanan Sulu. Namun pada masa yang sama Kesultanan Sulu tetap meneguhkan pendiriannya bahawa telah berlaku penyerahan tersebut kepadanya dengan menggunakan perjanjian 1878 sebagai pengesahan. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa perjanjian penyerahan wilayah utara Borneo 1865, 1877 dan 1878 berlaku disebabkan oleh kegagalan Kesultanan Brunei dan Kesultanan Sulu untuk mengawal politik pentadbiran di tanah jajahan masing-masing sehingga terpaksa melakukan penyerahan wilayah mengikut terma perjanjian Barat bagi memastikan kedua-dua buah Kesultanan tersebut mampu untuk terus survival. Kajian ini juga mendapati bahawa kepelbagaian tafsiran terhadap terjemahan kandungan perjanjian juga turut memberikan implikasi besar terhadap kefahaman masyarakat sehingga menimbulkan pelbagai spekulasi dan pertikaian yang berterusan sehingga kini. Justeru itu, makalah ini akan cuba untuk menganalisis perbandingan perjanjian penyerahan Borneo Utara pada tahun 1865, 1877 dan 1878 bagi merungkaikan kebenaran peristiwa sejarah antara Kesultanan Brunei dan Kesultanan Sulu sehingga membawa kepada berlakunya penyerahan wilayah ini secara total kepada BNBC. This paper is an attempt to the explanation of the cession of the northern territory of Borneo by the Sultanate of Brunei and the Sultanate of Sulu to the British North Borneo (Chatered) Company (BNBC) represented by Overbeck and Alfred Dent. Existing primary sources has been reinterpreted by the authors in a new perspective. It is argued that the treaties of surrender of the northern territories of Borneo in 1865, 1877 and 1878 made by the Sultanate of Brunei and the Sultanate of Sulu have produced an event seen from two different dimensions in the history of North Borneo. Past studies have been heavily influenced by western documentations so that ignoring local sources is considered biased especially when the Sultanate of Brunei denies the surrender of a part of North Borneo territory to the Sultanate of Sulu. Yet at the same time the Sultanate of Sulu maintained its position that there had been the surrender of the northern province of Borneo to it by using the 1878 treaty as confirmation. The findings of the study showed that the northern Borneo territorial agreements of 1865, 1877 and 1878 occurred due to the failure of the Sultanate of Brunei and Sulu to control administrative politics in their respective colonies so that they had to surrender the territories in accordance with the terms of the Western agreement to ensure continuous survival. This study also found that the variety of interpretations on the translation in the content of the agreement also has significant implications on the understanding of society, leading to various speculations and disputes up to this day. Therefore, this paper will attempt to analyze the comparison of North Borneo cession agreements in 1865, 1877 and 1878 to unravel the truth of historical events between the Sultanate of Brunei and the Sultanate of Sulu leading to the total surrender of this territory to BNBC.