Data Science – deep learning of neural networks and their application in healthcare

Introduction: Artificial intelligence, which is a set of algorithms, currently does an impressive amount of work related to its analysis and processing. The use of the computing power of a large number of simple processors, as well as the compilation of a mathematical model for their joint operation based on the principle of organizing neural networks of cells of living organisms, constitutes an artificial neural network. Such a system is not programmed at the development stage into a final consumer product (as is usually the case, for example, with the software of a device), but «teaches» throughout its entire operation. «Teaching» is about finding the percentage relationship between neurons and input data, which ultimately leads to the identification of complex relationships between the provided data. These properties of training neural networks are already helping doctors in their work, making it easier and providing more readable data. Purpose of the study: to update information about the use of modern technologies for teaching neural networks in the healthcare sector. Tasks: to consider the terminology and designate technologies in Data Science used in healthcare; to find on peer-reviewed resources information about modern approaches to the analysis of accumulated information and present it in a public language; to demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of using deep teaching of neural networks; detail the «future» of deep teaching of neural networks in healthcare. Results: a complex system of interconnection between neurons of a neural network with a correctly written program code, together with relevant and verified information, makes it possible to accurately find correlations of many statistical indicators in the field of healthcare. This fact will ultimately lead to improved medical care. A neural network can handle large amounts of information much faster and more accurately, which is a huge step towards personalized medicine. This became possible due to the accumulation of a sufficient amount of data in digital form, as well as the achievement of sufficient technical progress in the field of deep teaching of neural networks.

Web Platform for Folklore Research Based on Domain Ontology

In this paper, we take a close look at a web platform that provides the tools necessary for working with folklore materials and conducting scientific research based on them. Folklore studies consist of working with audio and video materials, which contain the reproduction of elements of folk art in national languages, creating specific text recordings with translation and comments, written in a public language, and building a picture of the worlds based on available resources. To structure and present this content, we use an ontology-based approach, which allows linguists to describe not only the resources, but also subject knowledge in the Semantic Web style, i.e. using hierarchies of classes, objects and relationships between them. The main feature of folklore research is the need for synchronization of translations, which is achieved by creating a parallel corpora of texts, and the ability to label texts with entities of the subject area, which is called semantic markup. Moreover, each corpus is connected with a certain nationality and has both its own national language and unique system of concepts of the world around it. Such representation imposes many non-standard requirements for the platform, such as working with arbitrary languages, supporting many ontologies, ensuring the creation and editing of national subject ontologies, semantic text markup, presentation, navigation, and search across heterogeneous resources. The developed platform provides all the necessary tools for research, including tools for the development of ontologies in specific national subject areas and manual annotation of texts in real time by several specialists. Resources of the web-platform are located in the resource ontology, which includes such concepts as corpus, video resource, audio resource, graphic image, person, geographical location, genre of text, etc. Ontologies of subject areas are presented in the form of a hierarchy, where the ontology of universals, common to all folklore studies, is located at the top level. At the same time, inherited ontologies are specialized for each represented national corpus. The web application is built with Python Django framework and the TypeScript React library. Data storage is implemented using the Postgres database.

Public invocations of international law and legacies of the Iraq War

This essay reads three texts: Charlotte Peevers’s The Politics of Justifying Force: the Suez Crisis, the Iraq War and International Law, the 2016 Report of the UK Iraq Inquiry, and Ayça Çubukçu’s For the Love of Humanity: The World Tribunal On Iraq. It explores what each of the texts tells us about the role of international law as a public language and suggests how we might think of the texts as creating one legacy of the Iraq War.

Sociolinguistic variation and the public interest

Although the disparity between sociolinguistic knowledge and popular beliefs about language diversity is well documented, little proactive attention has been given to changing public misconceptions. How can programs about linguistic diversity be presented when the prevailing public language ideology is largely fueled by the principle of linguistic subordination and interpreted in terms of a correctionist model? The approach to dialect awareness presented here is based on the underlying assumption that the public is inherently curious about language differences and that this intrigue can be transformed into public education venues. It connects the legacy of language variation to legitimate historical and cultural themes that are intrinsically interesting to the public, and assumes that the most effective and permanent education takes place when learners discover truths for themselves. It further presumes that positively framed presentations of language differences in socioculural and sociohistoical context hold a greater likelihood of being received by the public than the direct confrontation of seemingly unassailable ideologies. The presentation considers three quite different venues to exemplify engagement: (1) an extended, long-term engagement commitment in a small, historically isolated research community; (2) language documentaries in public education; and (3) the role of activist linguists on university campuses. The presentation demonstrates that the public rhetoric on linguistic diversity can, in fact, be reconciled with a linguistically informed perspective and that language-awareness programs can serve a range of audiences utilizing a variety of venues.

Excerpts from Zamanın Kelimeleri: Yeni Türkiye’nin Siyasî Dili (Words of Our Times: The Political Language of New Turkey)

These essays grapple with the widely “expended” words that characterize the era of the nationalist-conservative-populist Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, or AKP) in Turkey, which has been in power since 2002. Some of these words rest on a specified backdrop of nationalist and Islamist jargon. Others are words that have accrued meaning in tandem with the zeitgeist. Still others seem to have no particular political meaning, appearing rather “neutral,” though in fact they serve as reflections of a hegemonic zeitgeist. While the pointed political use of these words may be identified as “manipulative” and elicit reactions accordingly, the majority of the words are nonetheless perceived as entirely “neutral.” In any event, they are words that seize upon and configure public language, imposing a broad set of prejudices upon popular imaginaries. They function in society by reproducing the nationalist-conservative and authoritarianpopulist worldview as well as the ethos and pathos that sustain that worldview. Collectively, these essays clarify the historical and political background of the words at hand, examining their ideological function as well as their etymological and stylistic inspirations. By extension, these essays problematize these words, which, due to their standardizing effect, ensnare political communication and, moreover, powerfully corrode already weak sensitivities to the power of language.

Facebook futures: Mark Zuckerberg’s discursive construction of a better world

This article explores the future imaginaries used in Facebook’s corporate communications. It aims to reconstruct how these “Facebook Futures” are constructed over time and across different contexts by Facebook’s CEO Mark Zuckerberg. Focus of the investigation is a discourse analysis of Zuckerberg’s public language from 2004 to 2017. By employing qualitative and interpretive modes of enquiry, this study attempts to show (1) how Facebook’s future imaginaries change over time, (2) how Facebook’s central imaginaries “global connectivity” and “global community” are substantiated, and (3) how these imaginaries are supported by norms and values inherent in Silicon Valley culture. Overall, Facebook is analyzed as an example of a prophetic corporation, not only providing an explicitly corporate vision of a better world, but also blending it with the digital technologies and practices involved in making this vision reality.

Going Beyond the Western Pass: Chinese Folk Models of Danger and Abandonment in Songs of Separation

From the early Qing dynasty (1644–1911) to the beginning of the People’s Republic, men in northern China from drought-prone regions of northwestern Shanxi province and northeastern Shaanxi province would travel beyond the Great Wall to find work in western Inner Mongolia, in a migration known as “going beyond the Western Pass” 走西口. This article analyzes anthologized song lyrics and ethnographic interviews about this migration to explore how songs of separation performed at temple fairs approached danger and abandonment using traditional metaphors and “folk models” similar to those of parents protecting children from life’s hazards and widows and widowers lamenting the loss of loved ones. I argue that these duets between singers embodying the roles of migrant laborers and the women they left behind provided a public language for audiences to reflect upon and contextualize private emotions in a broader social context, offering rhetorical resolutions to ambivalent anxieties.

Patterns ‘We’ Think By? Critical Cognitive Linguistics Between Language System and Language Use

Taking the interrelationship of language and thought as starting point, Cognitive Linguistics considers language as providing central insights into cognitive structures and processes as well as into their experiential basis. In its role as a gateway for exploring and describing phenomena at the interface between the individual and society by means of public language use, Cognitive Linguistics thus ranges between the poles of trans-situational, overarching language structures and situated, specific language use. But how exactly are system and use to be distinguished and related to one another? What range has, for example, a particular political frame detected from a sample of media coverage with regard to ‘its’ audience? When can we reliably label several instances of individual language use as an overarching language pattern or a frame? The paper aims to address these and further questions in reference to Critical Cognitive Linguistics concerning, for one thing, its own theoretical and methodological assumptions and, for another, its social role in light of current social and political phenomena and developments.