Language politics in Nepal: a socio-historical overview

This paper aims to outline the language politics in Nepal by focusing on the influences and expansions shifted from Global North to the Global South. Based on a small-scale case study of interviews and various political movements and legislative documents, this paper discusses linguistic diversity and multilingualism, globalization, and their impacts on Nepal’s linguistic landscapes. It finds that the language politics in Nepal has been shifted and changed throughout history because of different governmental and political changes. Different ideas have been emerged because of globalization and neoliberal impacts which are responsible for language contact, shift, and change in Nepalese society. It concludes that the diversified politics and multilingualism in Nepal have been functioning as a double-edged sword which on the one hand promotes and preserves linguistic and cultural diversity, and on the other hand squeeze the size of diversity by vitalizing the Nepali and English languages through contact and globalization.

CeTiO2N oxynitride perovskite: paramagnetic 14N MAS NMR without paramagnetic shifts

14N magic-angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of diamagnetic LaTiO2N perovskite oxynitride and its paramagnetic counterpart CeTiO2N are presented. The latter, to the best of our knowledge, constitutes the first high-resolution 14N MAS NMR spectrum collected from a paramagnetic solid material. The unpaired 4f-electrons in CeTiO2N do not induce a paramagnetic 14N NMR shift. This is remarkable given the direct Ce−N contacts in the structure for which ab initio calculations predict substantial Ce→14N contact shift interaction. The same effect is revealed with 14N MAS NMR for SrWO2N (unpaired 5d-electrons).

Paramagnetic 14N MAS NMR without Paramagnetic Shifts: Remarkable Lattice of LaTiO2N and CeTiO2N Oxynitride Perovskites

¹⁴N magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectra of diamagnetic LaTiO₂N perovskite oxynitride and its paramag-<br>netic counterpart CeTiO₂N are presented. The latter, to the<br>best of our knowledge, constitutes the first high-resolution ¹⁴N MAS NMR spectrum collected from paramagnetic solid material. Induced paramagnetic ¹⁴N NMR shift due to unpaired 4<i>f</i> -electrons in CeTiO₂N is non-existent, which is remarkable given the severe paramagnetic effects on surface proton species revealed by ¹H NMR, and direct Ce−N contacts in the structure. <i>Ab initio</i> molecular orbital calculations predict substantial Ce→¹⁴N contact shift interaction under these circumstances, therefore, cannot explain the unprecedented ¹⁴N NMR spectrum of CeTiO₂N.

Paramagnetic 14N MAS NMR without Paramagnetic Shifts: Remarkable Lattice of LaTiO2N and CeTiO2N Oxynitride Perovskites

¹⁴N magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectra of diamagnetic LaTiO₂N perovskite oxynitride and its paramag-<br>netic counterpart CeTiO₂N are presented. The latter, to the<br>best of our knowledge, constitutes the first high-resolution ¹⁴N MAS NMR spectrum collected from paramagnetic solid material. Induced paramagnetic ¹⁴N NMR shift due to unpaired 4<i>f</i> -electrons in CeTiO₂N is non-existent, which is remarkable given the severe paramagnetic effects on surface proton species revealed by ¹H NMR, and direct Ce−N contacts in the structure. <i>Ab initio</i> molecular orbital calculations predict substantial Ce→¹⁴N contact shift interaction under these circumstances, therefore, cannot explain the unprecedented ¹⁴N NMR spectrum of CeTiO₂N.

Improved Localization of Implanted Subdural Electrode Contacts on Magnetic Resonance Imaging With an Elastic Image Fusion Algorithm in an Invasive Electroencephalography Recording

BACKGROUND: Accurate projection of implanted subdural electrode contacts in presurgical evaluation of pharmacoresistant epilepsy cases by invasive electroencephalography is highly relevant. Linear fusion of computed tomography and magnetic resonance images may display the contacts in the wrong position as a result of brain shift effects. OBJECTIVE: A retrospective study in 5 patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy was performed to evaluate whether an elastic image fusion algorithm can provide a more accurate projection of the electrode contacts on the preimplantation magnetic resonance images compared with linear fusion. METHODS: An automated elastic image fusion algorithm (AEF), a guided elastic image fusion algorithm (GEF), and a standard linear fusion algorithm were used on preoperative magnetic resonance images and postimplantation computed tomography scans. Vertical correction of virtual contact positions, total virtual contact shift, corrections of midline shift, and brain shifts caused by pneumocephalus were measured. RESULTS: Both AEF and GEF worked well with all 5 cases. An average midline shift of 1.7 mm (SD, 1.25 mm) was corrected to 0.4 mm (SD, 0.8 mm) after AEF and to 0.0 mm (SD, 0 mm) after GEF. Median virtual distances between contacts and cortical surface were corrected by a significant amount, from 2.3 mm after linear fusion algorithm to 0.0 mm after AEF and GEF (P &lt; .001). Mean total relative corrections of 3.1 mm (SD, 1.85 mm) after AEF and 3.0 mm (SD, 1.77 mm) after GEF were achieved. The tested version of GEF did not achieve a satisfying virtual correction of pneumocephalus. CONCLUSION: The technique provided a clear improvement in fusion of preimplantation and postimplantation scans, although the accuracy is difficult to evaluate.