China’s Increasing Investments and Relationships with Sea Line Countries of Indian Ocean: A Geopolitical Strategy

This study aims to investigate how String of Pearls is referred to as a geopolitical strategy adopted by China and a threat to India as India is a growing regional power? China has invested a lot in building its military bases network in the countries of sea lines that are falling on the Indian Ocean. China has also developed commercial facilities and its military bases, which refer to as String of Pearls. This study will find the interest of China in expanding its engagements in the region of the Indian Ocean. China is investing heavily in the construction of ports, roads, military, and commercial bases along with so many huge products in the countries providing China bases to increase its chain of String of Pearls. The study will identify how these investments made by China are paying off back to China. This research paper will cover Chinese investment in Pakistan, Myanmar, Djibouti, Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, Myanmar, Massawa port Eritrea, Iran, Lamu port Kenya, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, etc.

The Strategic Obstacles Preventing Israel's Attack on Iran's Nuclear Reactors

The study analyzes the reasons that prevent "Israel" from launching a comprehensive military strike against the nuclear sites and other vital sites of a military nature in Iran, in light of the escalation of the indirect military confrontation between them in many conflicts in the Middle East. The study summarizes the "Israeli" risks to implementing "preventive war" on the Iranian scene in four obstacles, which are: the operational, the legal, the military, and the armed non-state actors. The study concluded that: despite the blockade imposed on Iran, especially with regard to the import of advanced military equipment, Iran was able to build a relative deterrent force consisting of three pillars, which rest on its ability to (1) threaten navigation through the Strait of Hormuz, (2) undertake terrorist attacks on multiple continents, and (3) conduct long-range strikes, primarily by missiles (or with rockets owned by proxies deployed in many countries of the Middle East, and its ability to target "Israel" with short and medium-range ballistic missiles. The Iranian deterrent force, or what has come to be called the Iran’s deterrence triad, was the real obstacle to Israel from launching a preventive war against Iran.

Legalitas Iran dalam Melakukan Penahanan Kapal Asing Di Selat Hormuz

The Persian Gulf, which stores about one fifth of the world's oil, would be the destination of every petroleum producing country. But to reach the Persian Gulf by sea, every ship must pass through the Strait of Hormuz first. The Strait of Hormuz, which was located between two countries, Iran and Oman, has become a dispute terrain for several times in the last 10 years, one of which is the dispute of ship detention between Iran and Britain. The detention of ships carried out by Iran is a big question for the international community, is the detention legal or not? This article uses a type of normative juridical writing and uses statute approach and conceptual approach.The results showed that the detention was considered legitimate because the United Kingdom had committed maritime traffic violations and abused the rights of transit passage and right of innocent passage that was granted by international law. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS 1982) basically regulates and authorizes coastal states to exercise their jurisdiction in the territorial seas of their respective countries.Keywords: Ship Detention; Strait of Hormuz;Territorial Sea.AbstrakTeluk Persia yang menyimpan sekitar seperlima minyak bumi dunia, tentu menjadi destinasi setiap negara produsen minyak bumi. Namun untuk mencapai Teluk Persia melalui laut, setiap kapal harus melewati Selat Hormuz terlebih dahulu. Selat Hormuz yang terhimpit oleh dua negara, yaitu Iran dan Oman, telah beberapa kali menjadi medan sengketa dalam 10 tahun terakhir, salah satunya adalah sengketa penahanan kapal antara Iran dan Inggris. Penahanan kapal yang dilakukan oleh Iran tersebut menjadi pertanyaan besar bagi masyarakat internasional, apakah penahanan tersebut legal atau atau tidak? Artikel ini menggunakan tipe penulisan yuridis normatif dan menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penahanan tersebut dianggap sah karena Inggris telah melakukan pelanggaran lalu lintas maritim dan menyalahgunakan hak lintas transit maupun hak lintas damai yang diberikan oleh hukum internasional. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS 1982) pada dasarnya mengatur dan memberikan wewenang kepada negara pantai untuk menjalankan yurisdiksi nya di laut teritorial negara masing-masing.Kata Kunci: Penahanan Kapal; Selat Hormuz; Laut Teritorial.

Prawnomiędzynarodowa subsumpcja wybranych aspektów napięcia w okolicach cieśniny Ormuz w 2019 roku

The purpose of this article is to conduct an international law analysis of the events that occurred around the Strait of Hormuz in 2019 and related incidents. It mainly focuses on incidents that took place between the United States and Iran. It should be noted that the complexity of the factual situation has a significant impact on the content of the argument. Namely, the article only describes events of key importance from the perspective of international relations. They are supplemented by events of moderate significance that are necessary for conducting an argument from the perspective of international law. The following issues are also considered: the importance of the Strait of Hormuz, relations between the United States and Iran after 1941 and the increased tension observed in their relations since spring 2018. Even though ambiguities of both factual and legal nature speak in favour of the Islamic Republic of Iran, according to the rule in dubio pro reo, it seems that the activities of the Iranian state should be examined in more detail. Consequently, it can be concluded that it is necessary to appoint an independent commission to collect more evidence.

China’s Geopolitical Strategy in the Strait of Hormuz

The purpose of this paper is to analyze China’s geopolitical strategy in the Strait of Hormuz using secondary data of the topic and the concept of Natural Resources War. The Strait is very important to all the importing oil countries from Middle East including China as the only way in and out. At the same time, the Strait is also vulnerable with any kind of attacks that become challenge and threat to all the countries. It is the United States (US) as the one and only superpower which guarantee the security of the Strait and all the ships from importing oil countries. Recently with a lot of issues occurred in the region, the US seemed to be overwhelmed and asked every country to protect their own ships. With the status of one of the superpower countries and the power of its economy, China should be able to have the same role as the US. This paper contends that the lack of power of China’s military, dependence on the US security and Iran conflict with the US are the reasons why China is not showing some significant roles in Middle East related to its geopolitical strategy specifically in the Strait of Hormuz.