Riboflavin and Its Effect on Dentin Bond Strength: Considerations for Clinical Applicability—An In Vitro Study

Bioactive collagen crosslinkers propose to render the dentin hybrid layer less perceptive to hydrolytic challenge. This study aims to evaluate whether bond strength of dental resin composite to dentin benefits from riboflavin (RB)-sensitized crosslinking when used in a clinically applicable protocol. A total of 300 human dentin specimens were prepared consistent with the requirements for a macro-shear bond test. RB was applied on dentin, either incorporated in the primer (RBp) of a two-step self-etch adhesive or as an aqueous solution (RBs) before applying the adhesive, and blue light from a commercial polymerization device was used for RB photoactivation. Bonding protocol executed according to the manufacturer’s information served as control. Groups (n = 20) were tested after 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months or 1 year immersion times (37 °C, distilled water). The different application methods of RB significantly influenced bond strength (p < 0.001) with a medium impact (η2p = 0.119). After 1 year immersion, post hoc analysis identified a significant advantage for RB groups compared to RBp (p = 0.018), which is attributed to a pH-/solvent-dependent efficiency of RB-sensitized crosslinking, stressing the importance of formulation adjustments. We developed an application protocol for RB-sensitized crosslinking with emphasis on clinical applicability to test its performance against a gold-standard adhesive, and are confident that, with a few adjustments to the application solution, RB-sensitized crosslinking can improve the longevity of adhesive restorations in clinics.

The Clinical Consistency and Utility of ICD-11 Diagnostic Guidelines for Gaming Disorder: A Field Study Among the Chinese Population

Purpose: As a new category proposed in the International Classification of Diseases (11th Revision) (ICD-11), the reliability and clinical utility of ICD diagnostic guidelines for gaming disorder (GD) in the Chinese population have not been studied. The purpose of this field study is to clarify the reliability, clinical utility, and cultural applicability of ICD diagnostic guidelines for GD in China and its comparability with Internet GD (IGD) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) (DSM-5).Methods: Participants included 21 paired clinical raters consisting of seven psychiatrists and 200 gaming players aged from 15 to 18 years with different risk levels of Internet addiction based on the scores of Young's Internet Addiction Test. Each participant received a semi-structured face-to-face interview by paired clinical raters at the same time. Then clinical raters made the diagnosis and filled the clinical utility questionnaire independently according to the diagnostic guidelines for GD in both ICD-11 and DSM-5.Results: The diagnostic consistency coefficient (kappa value) between the paired clinical raters was 0.545 (0.490–0.600, p &lt; 0.001) and 0.622 (0.553–0.691, p &lt; 0.001) for ICD-11 and DSM-5 diagnostic guidelines, respectively, for GD. The diagnostic consistency was 0.847 (0.814–0.880, p &lt; 0.001) between GD in ICD-11 and IGD in DSM-5. Meanwhile, 86.7% of responses that agreed with the ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines for GD provided enough detailed implementation characteristics and showed good overall clinical applicability (86.0%), specificity (94.4%), usefulness (84.1%), and acceptable cultural adaptation (74.8%). GD in ICD-11 was slightly more accepted than IGD in DSM-5 (p &lt; 0.001), while the clinical efficiency of ICD-11 was inferior to that of DSM-5 (p &lt; 0.001).Conclusion: This study indicates that the ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines for GD have acceptable clinical reliability and high consistency with IGD in DSM-5. Their clinical applicability and cultural adaption are comparable with those of DSM-5. Although the guidelines still need to be adjusted for better implementation in China, this is already a great step committed to reducing the serious consequences caused by excessive gaming behaviors through effective identification and normative diagnosis, especially for adolescents.

Development of a Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Fluorescence Assay for the Detection of Canine Adenovirus 2

Canine adenovirus type 2 (CAdV-2) is often found in co-infections with other pathogens causing canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD). Rapid, efficient, and convenient pathogen detection is the best approach for early confirmatory diagnosis. In this study, we developed and evaluated a rapid real-time recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay for detection of canine adenovirus 2 (CAV), which can detect CAV within 15 min at 39°C. The detection limit that assay was 214 copies/μl DNA molecules per reaction. The specificity was indicated by a lack of cross-reaction with canine distemper virus (CDV), canine coronavirus (CCV), and canine parvovirus (CPV). Field and clinical applicability of this assay were evaluated using 86 field samples. The coincidence rate of the detection results for clinical samples between CAV-RPA and qPCR was 97.7%. In summary, the real-time CAV-RPA analysis provides an efficient, rapid and sensitive detection method for CAV.