Authenticity

Work authenticity in the performance of a work of Western classical music is faithfulness to the work performed. This essay distinguishes two kinds of such work authenticity: score-compliance authenticity (accurately rendering the work’s score into sound); and interpretive authenticity (delivering a performance that evinces a deep or profound understanding of the work). Both forms of authenticity are performance values (that is, good-making features of performances), and both, we also claim, are constitutive norms governing work performance: norms that arise out of the practice’s teleology. And yet there are occasions on which these two work authenticities conflict with each other: situations when performers feel that bringing out some of the work’s deep musical content pushes them towards compromising score compliance. We believe that such conflict is genuine, and we float the idea that, when it occurs, performers can be justified in deliberately deviating from the score. In our view, a performance of a work is sometimes better overall for departing from scored instructions in this manner.

Normas, Isomorfismo Institucional E Demanda Militar: O Projeto Do Submarino Nuclear Da Marinha Do Brasil

Um extenso corpo da literatura sobre transferência e aquisição de armamentos dedicou-se a analisar os diversos elementos, endógenos e exógenos, que orientam a demanda dos Estados por tecnologia militar. À luz dessas considerações teóricas, diferentes trabalhos buscaram compreender o fenômeno de modernização militar em países da América do Sul e suas potenciais implicações para a dinâmica de segurança regional. Buscamos avançar o argumento de que a demanda por sistemas de armas modernos está vinculada a um processo internacional de isomorfismo das organizações militares. Nesse sentido, nosso objetivo é compreender a demanda da Marinha brasileira pelo submarino de propulsão nuclear. A partir da perspectiva do neoinstitucionalismo sociológico, nossa hipótese é que a demanda da força naval brasileira foi historicamente conformada pela difusão de normas constitutivas sobre o que representa o poder militar moderno.Palavras-chave: Tecnologia militar; submarino nuclear; Marinha do Brasil.ABSTRACTAn extensive literature on arms transfer and acquisition analyzed different elements, endogenous and exogenous, that drive States' demand for military technology. In accordance with these theoretical considerations, different studies sought to understand the phenomenon of military modernizations in South American countries and its potential implications for regional security dynamics. We sought to advance the argument that military demand for modern weapon systems is linked to an international process of isomorphism in military organizations. In that sense, our objective is to comprehend the Brazilian navy demand for a nuclear-powered submarine. In line with the sociological neo-institutionalism framework, we hypothesize that the Brazilian naval force demand has been historically shaped by the diffusion of constitutive norms concerning what constitutes a modern military power.Keywords: Military technology; nuclear submarine; Brazilian Navy.

Conventions and Constitutive Norms

The paper addresses a popular argument that accounts of assertion in terms of constitutive norms are incompatible with conventionalism about assertion. The argument appeals to an alleged modal asymmetry: constitutive rules are essential to the acts they characterize, and therefore the obligations they impose necessarily apply to every instance; conventions are arbitrary, and thus can only contingently regulate the practices they establish. The paper argues that this line of reasoning fails to establish any modal asymmetry, by invoking the distinction between the non-discriminating existence across possible worlds of types (“blueprints”, as Rawls called them) of practices and institutions defined by constitutive rules, and the discriminating existence of those among them that are actually in force, and hence truly normative. The necessity of practices defined by constitutive rules that the argument relies on concerns the former, while conventionalist claims are only about the latter. The paper should thus contribute to get a better understanding of what social constructs conceived as defined by constitutive norms are. It concludes by suggesting considerations that are relevant to deciding whether assertion is in fact conventional.

Assertion: The Constitutive Norms View

Two important philosophical questions about assertion concern its nature and normativity. This article defends the optimism about the constitutive norm account of assertion and sets out a constitutivity thesis that is much more modest than that proposed by Timothy Williamson. It starts by looking at the extant objections to Williamson’s Knowledge Account of Assertion (KAA) and argues that they fail to hit their target in virtue of imposing implausible conditions on engaging in norm-constituted activities. Second, it makes a similar proposal and shows how it does better than the competition. It suggests that Knowledge Norm of Assertion (KNA) is not constitutive of the speech act of assertion in the same way in which rules of games are constitutive, and thus KAA comes out as too strong. The final section embarks on a rescue mission on behalf of KAA; it puts forth a weaker, functionalist constitutivity thesis. On this view, KNA is etiologically constitutively associated with the speech act of assertion, in virtue of its function of generating knowledge in hearers.

How the normative resistance of anarchism shaped the state monopoly on violence

Rather than an assumption of statehood, the state’s monopoly on the legitimate use of force is better understood as a normative ideal that regulates behavior, and constitutes states as the sole legitimate authority on violence. Existing literature on this norm has explored its development in response to piracy in the early to mid-1800s, but it has overlooked significant developments that occurred in response to the violence of transnational anarchist terrorism. Anarchist philosophers in the late 1800s resisted the normative basis of the state monopoly on violence and articulated their own competing claims. While their normative ideas failed to gain widespread acceptance, they elicited significant responses by states. In the Rome Conference of 1898 and the St. Petersburg Protocol, states reiterated the constitutive aspects of the state monopoly norm, and articulated new, deeper obligations to coordinate anti-anarchist policies. State officials considered a protean form of collective security against the anarchists, and applied the state monopoly norm to the control of the violence of individual, rather than corporate, non-state actors for the first time. Similar to trends identified in existing literature on the state monopoly norm, this article notes that the response to the anarchists was bolstered by their perception as “outsiders of authority,” or violators of core constitutive norms of state authority. This trend and these broader historical dynamics are explained with reference to theoretical literature on normative resistance.

W(h)ither the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN)? W(h)ither constructivism? Fixity of norms and the ASEAN Way

This article uses the reflection on the direction (whither) and health (wither) of constructivism and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) that was witnessed in 2017 to see what these deliberations reveal about the fixity of norms and their contestation. The argument presented is that constitutive norms create fixed parameters of shared understandings but that within those parameters the meaning and application of the norm can be contested and debated. This insight helps to bridge the gap between conventional and critical constructivists and shows that the premise of jettisoning the ASEAN Way as necessary for ASEAN to achieve its ambitious community-building project is flawed. The argument relies on insights from the constructivist literature on norm degeneration to show how contestation is not one part of a norm’s life cycle but rather a constant companion. However, norms are not just contested, but they have fixity, and here practice theory can help show that the social world is just as much about continuity as it is change. The ASEAN case study is timely as introspection about the efficacy of its constitutive norms – the ASEAN Way – was prominent in 2017 as ASEAN turned 50.

National Identities in Turkey

This chapter presents the empirical data collected and analyzed through intertextual analysis to extract competing proposals for Turkish national identity among the country’s population. The analysis includes examination of social and news media sources, interviews, surveys, and archives. The empirical data are also collected from popular culture sources such as novels, television shows, and films to capture vernacular discourse otherwise inaccessible to the researcher. The chapter employs a framework of identity content to parse out the constitutive norms, social purposes, relational meanings, and cognitive worldviews of citizens of Turkey. The four composite proposals that emerge are Republican Nationalism, Pan-Turkic Nationalism, Ottoman Islamism, and Western Liberalism. This process of identity extraction through intertextual analysis lays the groundwork for examining the red lines, or points of intolerability, across competing proposals for Turkey’s national identity.

Authoritatively Normative Concepts

This chapter offers an analysis of the authoritatively normative concept PRACTICAL OUGHT that appeals to the constitutive norms for the activity of non-arbitrary selection. It argues that this analysis permits an attractive and substantive explanation of what the distinctive normative authority of this concept amounts to, while also explaining why a clear statement of what such authority amounts to has been so elusive in the recent literature. The account given is contrasted with more familiar constitutivist theories, and briefly shows how it answers “schmagency”-style objections to constitutivist explanations of normativity. Finally, the chapter explains how the account offered here can help realists, error theorist, and fictionalists address central challenges to their views.

“Islam and Resistance”: The Uses of Ideology in the Foreign Policy of Hamas

Even though Hamas remains a non-state actor tapping into the register of political Islam, the sources of its international practice are fundamentally the same ones organizing the foreign policies of states: defending its interests as perceived by the movement’s leaders and advocating the values and constitutive norms of this politico-religious player’s ideology. This dual observation remains valid even when its foreign policy defines itself both in relation to the occupying power and by interactions with other actors.