Maintenance Techniques for Cracks in Asphalt Layers

Treating cracks in asphalt pavements is a major stage of each maintenance work for engineers. The goal of any crack cure is to limit the water intrusion into underlying pavement structure layers. Such water infiltrates in to base layers of the pavement and may cause damage to the pavement structure. The previous studies focused on crack repairing materials and methods but not the bonding at the interface joint. In this study, the influence of the repairing materials and depth on the bonding at the interface joint using two repairing materials. Slabs were cast to simulate surface of road. Unlikely, slabs contain cracks in the middle of slab with different depths (35 mm, 50 mm, 70 mm). Consequently, these cracks were repaired with two methods; firstly, repairing them with RC+Sand and secondly, with Sika flex®-1a. The slabs were tested after being repaired to know the best method and depth. It has been concluded that slabs having cracks that have been repaired with RC+Sand increase failure load compared with empty cracks and cracks that have been repaired with Sika flex®-1a. Also, cracks with small depth that have been repaired with Sika flex®-1a increase failure load compared with empty cracks.

Identification with Media Characters Across the Lifespan

Identification is a construct rooted in psychoanalysis, where it was originally thought of as a defense mechanism (Freud, 1940/1949, p. 98). In more recent literature, identification (specifically, identifying with another person) is considered a process that requires both external (i.e., behavioral imitation) and internal (i.e., vicarious experience, imagination) mechanisms (Wollheim, 1974). Previous research has examined how humans come to know things about themselves over the lifespan, thus forming their own views about themselves; in other words, forming a self-identity. When examining the research on identity development, identifying with other people, and identifying with media characters, the development of own identity seems to parallel how humans relate to media characters at each stage of life. The purpose of this review is to: (1) examine identity as a construct; (2) examine identity development at each major stage of life; (3) bring attention to the problems media research tends to have when operationalizing the ways in which people can relate and react to media characters; and (4) examine how identifying and relating to media characters changes over the lifespan.

Traditions Of Child Raising In Uzbek Rural Family

The study of the issue of child socialization is one of the current problems of ethnology. Because through the upbringing of children, one can learn a lot about the lifestyle, spiritual outlook, psychological image and socio-economic history of the people. This article aims to study the features of child socialization in a modern Uzbek village on the example of a village. The information in the article was collected during the author's expeditions to the village of Mindon in 2012-2014. Research methods: direct observation, in-depth interview-based interviews and questionnaires. Theoretically, it was based on T. Parsons' structural functional theory on the study of socialization [26, p.58.]. In this theory, the family is shown as the first major stage of socialization. The study shows that the traditional method of upbringing in the family depends on the lifestyle of the people and is based on the experience of the people in child psychology, taking into account the mental and physical aspects of the mother from pregnancy to childbirth and adulthood. The data presented in the study can be used to study the culture, ethnography, spiritual and moral characteristics of the Uzbek people and to theoretically enrich such areas as ethnopsychology, ethnopedagogy, gender socialization, sociology of education.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CHILD SOCIALIZATION IN UZBEK FAMILY IN MINDON VILLAGE

The study of child socialization is one of the current problems of ethnology. Because through the upbringing of a child, one can learn a lot about the lifestyle, spiritual outlook, psychological image and socio-economic history of the people. This article aims to study the features of child socialization in a modern Uzbek village on the example of a village. The information in the article was collected during the author's expeditions to the village of Mindon in 2012-2014. Research methods: direct observation, in-depth interview-based interviews and questionnaires. Theoretically, it was based on T. Parsons' structural functional theory on the study of socialization [26, p.58]. In this theory, the family is shown as the first major stage of socialization. The study shows that the traditional method of upbringing in the family depends on the lifestyle of the people and is based on the experience of the people in child psychology, taking into account the mental and physical aspects of the mother from pregnancy to childbirth and adolescence. The data presented in the study can be used to study the culture, ethnography, spiritual and moral characteristics of the Uzbek people and to theoretically enrich such areas as ethnopsychology, ethnopedagogy, gender socialization, sociology of education.

Twitches emerge postnatally during quiet sleep in human infants and are synchronized with sleep spindles

SummaryIn humans and other mammals, the stillness of sleep is punctuated by bursts of rapid eye movements (REMs) and myoclonic twitches of the limbs [1]. Contrary to the notion that twitches are mere by-products of dreams, sensory feedback arising from twitching limbs provides a rich and unique source of activation to the developing sensorimotor system [2]. In fact, it is partly because of the behavioral activation of REM sleep that this state is also called active sleep (AS), in contrast with the behavioral quiescence that gives quiet sleep (QS)—the second major stage of sleep—its name. In human infants, for which AS occupies eight or more hours of each day [3], limb twitching is one among several components that help to identify the state [4-7]; nonetheless, we know relatively little about the structure and functions of twitching across development. Recently, in sleeping infants over the first seven postnatal months [8], we documented a pronounced shift in the temporal expression of twitching beginning around three months of age that suggested a qualitative shift in how twitches are produced. Here, we combine behavioral assessments of twitching with high-density electroencephalography (EEG) and demonstrate that this shift reflects the developmental emergence of limb twitches during QS. Twitches during QS are not only unaccompanied by REMs, but they also occur synchronously with sleep spindles, a hallmark of QS. As QS-related twitching increases with age, sleep spindle rate also increases along the sensorimotor strip. The emerging synchrony between subcortically generated twitches and cortical oscillations suggests the development of functional connectivity among distant sensorimotor structures, with potential implications for detecting and explaining atypical developmental trajectories.

“Liudyna, yaka flirtuie” v movnii svidomosti rosiiskomovnoho naselennia Ukrainy (za rezultatamy spriamovanoho asotsiatyvnoho eksperymentu) [“Flirting person” in the linguistic consciousness of the Russian-speaking population of Ukraine (based on the results of the controlled associative experiment)]

Background: This study is the promotion of a series of studies on ludic competence/playfulness, one of the seven components of which is flirt. Purpose: To define and describe the semantic parameters of the stimulus “flirting person” in the linguistic consciousness of the Russian-speaking people of Ukraine. Materials and Methods: The main method of the research was a psycholinguistic experiment whose major stage was the controlled associative experiment with the stimulus “flirting person”. The sample comprised 215 young people (aged 21-35), 112 females and 103 males. Results: The experiment results allowed to define 26 semantic parameters for the stimulus “flirting person” including: (flirting person) – what is the person by marital status?, what is state of the person’s finances?, how cultured is the person?, etc. 26 association fields have been respectively built. This study describes the association field of the semantic parameter “Motive – why is the person flirting?” – “By motive – what is the motive?”. The analysis of the obtained reactions made it possible to single out and describe such clusters of this semantic parameter, core clusters (equals or more than 10%): “exploratory motive” (29.77%), “social motive” (17.21%), “sexual motive” (17.21%), “entertaining motive” (15.81%); peripheral clusters (less than 10% and more than 1%): “assertive motive (self-esteem)” (7.44%), “instrumental motive” (7.44%); “indefinite motive” (2.79%), “intrinsic motive” (2.33%); extreme periphery clusters (less than or equal to 1% and more than 0.5%); single case cluster: “polymotivation” (0.47%). Conclusions: The semantic content of this semantic parameter depends on gender identification based on the results of the analysis of female and male associative fields. Males are driven by the sexual or indefinite motives, whereas females have social and entertaining ones.

Developing the instructions for the controlled association experiment by means of semantic features for the stimulus “flirting person”

Background: This article continues a series of studies devoted to ludic competence/playfulness and one of its components is flirting. The aim of the study: in the context of parametric concept of meaning, to identify on the basis of applied psycholinguistic research the semantic components of the stimulus “flirting person”, which are actualized in the speech acts of Russian-speaking inhabitants of Ukraine. Material and Methods: The main method of the research is a psycholinguistic experiment whose major stage is the controlled association experiment with the stimulus “flirting person”. The sample comprised 215 young people (aged 21-35), of which 112 females and 103 males. Results: At the final stage of formulation of the instructions 23 semantic features were selected for the stimulus “flirting person”. The results of the controlled association experiment with the stimulus “flirting person” allowed to build 23 associative fields and obtain the material for describing the behaviour pattern of ludic position Diplomat (flirting person) reflecting the reality of linguistic consciousness of young Russian-speaking inhabitants of Ukraine. Conclusions: Cluster analysis of the associative field of the semantic feature “What is the person’s marital status?” allowed to define: three core clusters – “Free” (71.16%), “In a relationship” (14.42%), “Any” (3.72%); three peripheral clusters – “Qualities” (3.26%), “Emotional State” (3.26)%, “Role in family relations” (1.40%); extreme peripheral clusters – “Changeable” (0.93%); an isolated female reaction “Guy” suggests an ambiguous interpretation and allows to highlight different meanings – “Gender” and “Age”.

Art, craft and science of limb amputation Part 1. Art and craft of amputation: from Hippocrates to Ambroise Pare (V century B.C. – XVI century)

Limb amputation is one of the oldest and most famous operation in surgery. Over the millennia, the tools for its implementation and the technique for its perfomance have been constantly improved. In part 1 of the article, using historical, chronological and dialectical methods, as well as the method of comparative content analysis a number of printed (Hippocrates, V-IV centuries B.C.; Celsus, I century; Abu-alQasim, XI century; A. Paré, XVI century, etc.), material (prostheses, surgical instruments) and visual (engraving, painting, etc.) sources, the circumstances and features of the emergence and development of instruments and techniques for limbs amputation from antiquity to the era were studied and recreated Renaissance. The main indication for amputation was the limb death (gangrene), as well as significant tissue trauma caused by cold or firearms (since the XIV century). The limb was truncated (or isolated) with a circular section along the demarcation line (in ancient times) or within healthy tissues (in the Middle Ages). The operation was carried out under a tourniquet applied above the level of amputation; healthy tissues were shifted proximally; sometimes a second tourniquet was applied - below the cut-off level. Anesthesia was achieved by operating in a state of painful shock, after bloodletting, or by applying a tight ligature (tourniquet). Bleeding was stopped with the surgeon's finger, cauterization or vessel cutting of, ligature of one vessel or the entire bleeding tissue (en masse), suturing of the bleeding vessel (A. Paré), as well as astringents and a bandage. The wound of the stump was left open or brought together with sutures. A major stage in the development of amputation was the work of A. Paré (XVI century), who improved instruments (in particular, clamps for stopping bleeding), the technique of the operation, and pain relief during its performance. If in the Ancient World and in the early Middle Ages amputation was life-threatening, available only to a few of the most skilled doctors, was performed relatively rarely and was akin to art, then after its development in the XIII–XIV centuries. barbers began to perform it everywhere, routinely and gradually turned into a craft. Further development of indications for amputation, techniques for its implementation and the transformation of this operation from a craft into a science from the XVII century. until the middle of the twentieth century will be reflected in part 2 of this article.

An Introduction to the Minimum Information about a Digital Specimen (MIDS) Digitisation Standard

Digitisation is the process of converting analogue data about physical specimens to digital representation that includes electronic text, images and other forms. The term has been used diversely within the natural science collections community, and between different digitisation initiatives, the outputs can be quite different. Digitisation of individual specimens provides explicit and precise details about each object curated in a collection. This digitisation is based on diverse aims, the needs of specific projects and the specific practices and workflows in different institutions, so the digitised output has a wide range of uses. Capturing and presenting such data from future digitisation in standard formats is essential so that data can be more easily understood, compared, analysed and communicated via the Internet. By harmonising a framework that clarifies what is meant by different levels of digitisation (MIDS level), as well as the minimum information to be captured at each level, it becomes easier to consistently measure the extent of digitisation achieved over time and to set priorities for the remaining work. Similarly, ensuring that enough data are captured, curated and published is essential so they are useful for the widest possible range of future research, teaching and learning purposes. The Minimum Information about a Digital Specimen (MIDS) specification aims to address these problems. MIDS is a 'minimum specification', which means that the information specified as necessary at a each MIDS level is the minimum expected to be made digitally available following each major stage of digitisation. More is not precluded. From September 2020, MIDS specification work is now the work topic of an approved TDWG Task Group.

Deciphering trophic interactions in a mid-Cambrian assemblage

The Cambrian Period (541-485 Mya) represents a major stage in the development of metazoan-dominated assemblages with complex community structure and species interactions. Exceptionally preserved fossil sites have allowed specimen-based identification of putative trophic interactions to which network analyses have been applied. However, network analyses of the fossil record suffer from incomplete and indirect data, time averaging that obscures species coexistence, and biases in preservation. Here, we present a novel high-resolution fossil dataset from the Raymond Quarry (RQ) member of the mid-Cambrian Burgess Shale (7549 specimens, 61 taxa, ~510 Mya) affording new perspectives on these challenging issues. Further, we formulate a new measure of ‘preservation bias’ that aids identification of those assemblage subsets to which network analyses can be reliably applied. For sections with sufficiently low bias, abundance correlation network analyses predicted longitudinally consistent trophic and competitive interactions. Our correlation network analyses predicted previously postulated trophic interactions with 83.5% accuracy and demonstrated a shift from specialist interaction-dominated assemblages to ones dominated by generalist and competitive interactions. This approach provides a robust, taphonomically corrected framework to explore and predict in detail the existence and ecological character of putative interactions in fossil datasets, offering new windows on ancient food-webs.Significance StatementUnderstanding interactions in paleo-ecosystems has been a difficult task due to biases in collection and preservation of taxa, as well as low time resolution of data. In this work, we use network science tools and a fine scale dataset from the Cambrian period to explore: (i) preservation bias due to ecological/physical characteristics of taxa; (ii) evidence that the magnitude and sign of pairwise abundance correlations between two fossil taxa yields information concerning the ecological character about the interaction. All results in our work derive from using complex system approaches to analyze abundance data, without assuming any prior knowledge about species interactions – thereby providing a novel general framework to assess and explore fossil datasets.