Shakespeare constituinte da obra de Álvares de Azevedo / Shakespeare as part of Álvares de Azevedo’s work

Resumo: O artigo busca fazer um rápido exame da presença de Shakespeare na obra do poeta brasileiro Álvares de Azevedo, não apenas como autor inescapável para a prática romântica, mas também como um dos nomes que ajudam a obra de Azevedo a se conformar em sua especificidade. Para tanto, além de uma passagem de olhos por certa vertente romântica, vamos nos ater a dois paratextos azevedianos, o famoso prefácio à segunda parte de Lira dos vinte anos, e “Puff”, prólogo/prefácio de Macário; em ambos os textos, a presença do bardo elisabetano é fundamental para que se entenda a visão de mundo de Álvares de Azevedo, e também sua ideia acerca do que seria uma obra literária romântica.Palavras-chave: Shakespeare; Álvares de Azevedo; romantismo.Abstract: The essay aims to assert the presence of Shakespeare in the work of the Brazilian romantic poet Álvares de Azevedo, not only as an inevitable part of any romantic praxis, but also as one of the authors that actually grant Azevedo’s work its characteristic face. Therefore, besides a brief examination of certain romantic manifestations, two paratexts will be examined in the poet’s oeuvre: the famous Preface to the second part of Lira dos vinte anos and “Puff”, the preface/prologue to Macário. In both texts the Elizabethan poet is the axis for an understanding of Álvares de Azevedo’s worldview as of his concept of the romantic literary work.Keywords: Shakespeare; Álvares de Azevedo; Romanticism.

Does the rite of Forefathers' Eve really derive from the Old Prussian "feast of the goat"? An attempt to resolve inaccuracies related to Mickiewicz's vision of the origin of the rite of Forefathers' Eve

In the second edition of the preface to “Forefathers' Eve” part two, Mickiewicz mentioned the distant origin of the rite of Forefathers' Eve, which, according to the romantic poet, in pagan times, was known as the "feast of the goat". The Slavic bard obtained information about the Old Prussian ceremonial sacrifice of the goat through the “Chronicle of Prussia” by Simon Grunau. Until now, researchers mainly thought that this way he wanted to allude to classical antiquity, since he associated the “feast of the goat” with “the song of the goat”, and thus with the origin of Greek tragedy. The purpose of this article is to identify what type of festivity the “feast of the goat” is and to see whether it can really be identified with the rite of Forefathers' Eve.

CRNOGORSKE PJESME U TOMAZEOVIM PJESMAMA ILIRSKIM MONTENEGRIN POEMS IN TOMMASEO’S ILLYRIAN POEMS

This article discusses the circumstances in which Niccolò Tommaseo, an Italian writer of Dalmatian origin, included three poems from the Montenegrin literary periodical Grlica (1835-1839) in his collection of Italian translations of “Illyrian” folk poetry (Canti illirici, 1842), published in Venice. In this regard, the research pointed to the mediating role of the German romantic poet Heinrich Stieglitz, author of a travel book about Montenegro (Ein Besuch auf Montenegro, 1841). In the autumn of 1839, Stieglitz visited the Montenegrin Metropolitan and poet Peter II Petrović Njegoš in Cetinje, wherefrom he presumably brought copies of this first Montenegrin periodical to Venice. Also discussed is the possible influence that Tommasseo’s activities on collecting South Slavic folk poetry in Dalmatia had on the creation of the anthology of epic poems Serbian Mirror, which Njegoš composed after his first meeting with Tommaseo in January 1844.

Z aktora kapłan. Od „Króla-Ducha” do „słowiańskiego papieża”

This article is concerned with the fragmentary nature of Juliusz Słowacki’s poem “Król‑Duch”, its mystical‑Christian dimension and the impact it had on Karol Wojtyła. Openness to infinity and perpetuality of literature is made clear by referring to Friedrich Schlegel and his idea on the endlessness of romantic poetry, as well as to Roland Barthes, who draws attention to the text as a fabric creating a “wonderful image”. “Król‑Duch”, being a work that requires a patient and soulful reader, ready to travel through the labyrinth, is noticed by Karol Wojtyla, who recognizes the poem as a perfect Christian epic. Participation in the Rhapsodic Theater and the change that occurred in the thought of the later pope indicate a deep understanding of the truths hidden in the work. It also proves that a new way of reading – a long conversation with the text, can lead to repentance. The article attempts to prove that literary mysticism, the experience of the relationship of the “I” with God, as well as spiritual activity bring the work of the romantic poet closer to the poetry of Karol Wojtyła, while making John Paul II the next “King‑Spirit”, the Spirit that orients the nation towards the highest levels of Divine Love.

Discerning Sensuousness in Keats’s Poetry

Keats is not only a great romantic poet, but also a prominent mystic of English poetry saturated with sensuousness. Sensuousness as a striking quality in poetry affects the senses of hearing, seeing, touching, smelling and tasting. Sensuous poetry confers more delight to the senses of the readers rather than presenting ideas and philosophical thoughts. This article aims at discerning sensuousness in Keats’s poetry. Some poetic lines from his poems are elicited as qualitative data which hint at the five senses of the readers. It is significant not only to the teachers, but also to the students of English literature.

IN THE INSIDE-OUT WORLD: MADNESS AS A THEME AND PLOT

The paper focuses on the madness as a theme and plot in Ukrainian literature of the 1st half of the 20th century. The researcher analyzes ideological and aesthetic tendencies associated with the understanding of the madness phenomenon, clarifies its functional features, symbolic and ideological significance, and emphasizes the connection between the psychological atmosphere of the totalitarian reality and literary interpretations of madness. The analysis involves works of different genres, styles, and dates of writing in which the theme of madness acquires ideologically engaged and symbolically significant content. In “Sanatorium Zone” by M. Khvylovyi the madness phenomenon is associated with the problems of split personality and suicide. It may be explained in a modernist context, as a reflection of the internally conflicting nature of a man, incapable of changing the existing world or getting adjusted to it. In the tragicomedy “People’s Malakhiy”, M. Kulish introduced the idea of madness into the complex sociopolitical context of the soviet reality which he revealed in various forms (from mythological to social-political) using satirical and grotesque images, philosophical generalization, etc. An episode of madness in the novel “The Garden of Gethsemane” by I. Bahrianyi emphasizes the anomality of the soviet world which is symbolized by the punishment cell and characterized as a “conveyor belt for dismantling human souls”. The story of the romantic poet Hӧlderlin in the novel by V. Domontovych is socially and politically conditioned. It reveals the state of a man and the world in a difficult transitional era. In “The Enameled Bowl”, Domontovych elaborates the theme of illness through the idea of the lack of consistency between the internal and external and understands it as an artistic convention that marks the absurdity of the world. T. Osmachka in his prose was especially focused on the theme of madness. He was interested in mental disorders both as a form of the character’s self-awareness and as a clinical story. The mythological and ideological image of a mentally ill man, reflecting a creative person subjected to repression and persecution, is a symbol of his own biography. In general, the changes in the interpretation of mental disorders are associated with the renewal of the modernist poetics and caused by the writers’ attempts to clarify the connection between the external and internal.

Truth is Beauty, Beauty is Truth the Philosophy of John Keats Selected Odes

Life can never be completely free of problems and pain. This is perhaps because no two people think alike, work alike or have similar taste. Problems and pain will be there when two persons live. So there are bounds to be differences and judgements born there of and create disharmony and conflicts. The natural inclination of human mind to get rid of pain and problems of life wanders for a different world. The romantic poet John Keats philosophically searched for such a place and wanted to escape. And escaping into the world of imagination helped him to get rid of pain and problems of life and discovers anything true is beautiful as beauty dwells in truth. Manifestation of god in all the objects of nature magnetically attracts Keats’s mind as it serves as a therapy to contemplate in the serene and isolated space he sought for. Human being and Nature are interrelated, meaning the harmonious unity of Man and Nature are interrelated as both assume qualities of the other as they born and die, ashes go into the lap of Mother Nature as the very essence of human being, the structure is made up of the elements of Nature. The serene, calm and quiet Nature provides a kind of nourishment to Keats’ mind to discover the beauty, provides him joy and it is a truth. Longing of every soul is to be away from the problems of life.

A Psychoanalytic Reading of Ode to a Nightingale

As a Romantic poet whose subjectivity is a central element in his odes, Keats' poetry has been accused of being self-obsessed and selfconscious. Such self-consciousness seems to be both a basic element in Sigmund Freud's psychological theory and a recurrent element in John Keats' poems. An understanding of Keats' poetic unconsciousness leads to an understanding of his poetry. This paper sheds light on John Keats's "Ode to a Nightingale" from a psychological point of view. It discusses issues of the pains and sorrows of life in Keats’ world of imagination, which differ from those in the real world. Mortality, immortality, reality, and dreams are the other images reflected in Keats’ ode.

Contemporary and Universal:A Case Study of Themes in Coleridge’s Masterpiece- The Rime of the Ancient Mariner

Poetry has been defined as ‘spontaneous overflow’ of emotions by the great Romantic poet William Wordsworth. By this very definition emotions, which are integral parts of human beings,make poetry universally relevant. And yet its universality and relevance are often questioned in contemporary times by many, especially in the context of poetry of the past. Moreover, in the teaching and learning context, poetry is often considered to be rather impractical and unable to impart skills which are really needed on the ground. Students often deem poetry as a luxury or just an extra. So has poetry lost its relevance? Poetry not only is a treasure trove of emotions and literary expressions, it deals with multiple themes which are relevant, contemporary and universal. This paper aims to examine the relevance of poetry in the context of contemporary times and pedagogythrough the study of some of the universal and contemporary themes taking S. T. Coleridge’s masterpiece The Rime of the Ancient Mariner as a case study.

Ценные предметы в белорусских народных песнях с родины Адама Мицкевича

The article provides a description and an analysis of the literary context of valuable items in the well-known lyrics of national folk songs of the Belarusian Ponemania. A romantic poet Adam Mitskevich (1798–1855) was born in the land of Ponemania, not far from the town of Novogrudok and Lake Svityaz. In his poems, he borrowed a lot from local folklore – fairy tales, legends, and songs. The article aims to characterize the valuable items described in Belarusian folk songs, recorded in the homeland of Adam Mitskevich, from the perspective of the history of art and antiques.