Bipolar Membrane and Water Splitting in Electrodialysis

The traditional view of the conductivity of electrolytes is based on the mobility of ions in an electric field. A new concept of water conductivity introduces an electron–hole mechanism known from semiconductor theory. The electrolyte ions in the hydrogen bond network of water imitate the structure of a doped silicon lattice. The source of the current carriers is the electrode reaction generating H+ and OH− ions. The continuity of current flow is provided through the electron–hole mechanism, and the movement of electrolyte ions is only a side process. Bipolar membrane in the semiconductor approach is an electrochemical diode forward biased. Generation of large amounts of H+ and OH− has to be considered as a result of current flow and does not require any increase in the water dissociation rate. Bipolar membranes are essential in electrodialysis stacks for the recovery of acids and bases by salt splitting. Graphic Abstract

An Intelligent Approach for Performing Energy-Driven Classification of Buildings Utilizing Joint Electricity–Gas Patterns

Building type identification is an important task that may be used in confirming and verifying its legitimate operation. One of the main sources of information over the operation of a building is its energy consumption, with the analysis of electricity patterns being at the spotlight of a non-intrusive identification approach. However, electricity patterns are the only source of information, and therefore, their analysis imposes several restrictions. In this work, we introduce a new approach in energy-driven identification by adding one more source of information beyond the electricity pattern that may be utilized, namely the gas consumption pattern. In particular, we propose a new intelligent approach that jointly analyzes the electricity–gas patterns to provide the type of building at hand. Our approach exploits the synergism of the matrix profile data analysis technique with a feed-forward artificial neural network. This approach has applicability in the energy waste elimination through the implementation of different energy efficiency solutions, as well as the optimization of the demand-side process management, safer and reliable operation through fault detection, and the identification and validation of the real operation of the building. The obtained results demonstrate the improvement in identifying the type of the building by employing the proposed approach for joint electricity–gas patterns as compared to only using the electricity patterns.

1,5-Hydride shift-triggered cyclization for synthesis of unsymmetric julolidines

Directly accessible 8-substituted tetrahydroquinolines undergo 1,5-hydride shift-triggered cyclization to provide hardly accessible julolidine derivatives in 20-98% yield under scandium (III) triflate catalysis. The scope of the reaction, several follow-up transformations and a remarkable side-process discovered during the conditions optimization are highlighted.

Spherical Al-MCM-41 Doped with Copper by Modified TIE Method as Effective Catalyst for Low-Temperature NH3-SCR

Aluminum containing silica spherical MCM-41 was synthesized and modified with copper by the template ion-exchange method (TIE) and its modified version, including treatment of the samples with ammonia solution directly after template ion-exchange (TIE-NH3). The obtained samples were characterized with respect to their chemical composition (ICP-OES), structure (XRD), texture (low temperature N2 sorption), morphology (SEM-EDS), form and aggregation of deposited copper species (UV-vis DRS), reducibility of copper species (H2-TPR), and surface acidity (NH3-TPD). The deposition of copper by the TIE-NH3 method resulted in much better dispersion of this metal on the MCM-41 surface comparing to copper introduced by TIE method. It was shown that such highly dispersed copper species, mainly monomeric Cu2+ cations, deposited on aluminum containing silica spheres of MCM-41, are significantly more catalytically effective in the NH3-SCR process than analogous catalysts containing aggregated copper oxide species. The catalysts obtained by the TIE-NH3 method effectively operated in much broader temperature and were less active in the side process of direct ammonia oxidation by oxygen.

HYDROGELS THE THREE DIMENSIONAL NETWORKS: A REVIEW

Hydrogel products constitute polymeric materials as a group, the hydrophilic structure which renders them the capability of holding large amounts of water in their 3-dimensional networks. Extensive employment of those products during a number of commercial and environmental areas of application is taken into account to be of prime importance. Needless to say, natural hydrogels were gradually replaced by synthetic types thanks to their higher water absorption capacity, long service life, and wide sorts of raw chemical resources. Literature on this subject was found to be expanding, especially within the scientific areas of research. However, variety of technical reports publications and handling hydrogel products from the points of view of engineering were examined to overview technological aspects covering this growing the field of research. the first objective of this text is to review the literature concerning classification of hydrogels on different bases, chemical characteristics and physical characteristics of those products, and technical feasibility of their best utilization. It also involved the technologies adopted for hydrogel production along-side process and design implications, optimized conditions, and the block diagrams of the preparation process. Recent forms of hydrogel material generations are also presented in some details that are innovative in nature.

A Novel Classification of Supply Chain Risks: A Review

Every organization is a complex supply chain system. If any fragment of this supply chain is disturbed, it will directly affect the entire structure. Numerous studies have been conducted to categorize the supply chain risk sources, but very few available cover all types of risks. This study did an extensive literature review and content analysis on the subject. A supply chain is the flow of information, material, and money starting from suppliers and ending to end-users. To cover all types of risks, risk sources must be based on three perspectives: (i) internal to the firm, (ii) external to the firm but internal to the supply chain, and (iii) external to the supply chain. Risks can be categorized into seven types under these three perspectives. Regarding internal risks, three types of risks come from the supply side, process side, and demand side, while these members of the supply chain are connected with the supply affected by logistic side risks, finance side risks, and collaboration side risks. The external environment also affects the supply chain so the seventh type of risks comes from environmental side risks. This study extends the literature of supply chain risk management by identifying new risk sources. This study will help the managers to understand what kind of risks can affect their supply chain. Future study can be conducted to empirically verify these risks sources.

Perbandingan Harga Pokok Kopi Arabika Dan Kopi Robusta Dari Sisi Proses Pengolahan Kopi

Coffee constitute on of the commodity mainstay plantage be the that possess contribution a big enough in economy Indonesia. Coffee arabica and coffee robusta constitute coffee drink the very by the people of fond. Purpose of research this be for know result for difference process a processing coffee arabica and coffee robusta, for know and acquire result comparison price basic production in coffee arabica and coffee robusta for side process a processing coffee with method full costing and variabel costing. Population which in take of whole price basic production as long as one time harvest in a one year, whereas sample which in take of price basic production in a whole manner of population, because researcher take 100 day picking in a one year very as long as three month production. Research this use research quantitative, purpose research quantitative depict data research of numbers. Result a research that indicate, process a processing coffee arabica which in did by PT. Perkebunan Nusantara XII use manner wet and Perkebunan Rakyat use process a processing coffee robusta with manner dry. For computation price basic production follow method full costing coffee arabica as big as Rp 1.027.641.350 and coffee robusta as big as Rp 339.059.600, whereas follow method variabel costing coffee arabica as big as Rp 975.441.500 and coffee robusta as big as Rp 316.646.000.

Photocyclization of diarylethenes: the effect of imidazole on the oxidative photodegradation process

It was found that imidazole prevents the side process of diarylethenes photocyclization and the photodegradation of photochromic compounds.