Supplemental Material: The Castle Rock and Ironside Mountain calderas, eastern Oregon, USA: Adjacent venting sites of two Dinner Creek Tuff units—the most widespread tuffs associated with Columbia River flood basalt volcanism

Bulk chemical data of samples of this study and plotted in figures 5, 9, and 10.

Supplemental Material: The Castle Rock and Ironside Mountain calderas, eastern Oregon, USA: Adjacent venting sites of two Dinner Creek Tuff units—the most widespread tuffs associated with Columbia River flood basalt volcanism

Bulk chemical data of samples of this study and plotted in figures 5, 9, and 10.

Preliminary Characterization of Three Metallurgical Bauxite Residue Samples

Bauxite Metallurgical Residue (BR) is a highly alkaline and very fine-grained by-product of the Bayer process for alumina production. Its huge global annual production has resulted in increasing accumulation of BR, causing deposition problems and serious environmental issues. RM contains oxides and salts of the main elements Fe, Al, Ca, Na, Si, Ti, and rare earths—REEs (Sc, Nd, Y, La, Ce, Ds)—many of which have been categorised by EU as critical metals (CMs). The valorisation of BR as a low-cost secondary raw material and metal resource could be a route for its reduction, introducing the waste into the economic cycle. REEScue constitutes a research project that aims to instigate the efficient exploitation of European bauxite residues, resulting from alumina production from Greece (MYTILINEOS SA), Turkey (ETI Aluminium), and Romania (ALUM SA), containing appreciable concentrations of scandium and REEs, through the development of a number of innovative extraction and separation technologies that can efficiently address the drawbacks of the existing solution. The consortium consists of three alumina producers from Greece (MYTILINEOS SA), Turkey (ETI Aluminium), and Romania (ALUM SA) and two academic partners from Greece (National Technical University of Athens) and Turkey (Necmettin Erbacan University). We present preliminary characterization results of three different BR samples that originate from the three aluminium industries, in respect of bulk chemical analysis (XRF, ICP), mineralogical investigation (XRD), and morphological observation through microscopy.

Petrology and geochemistry of metapelites from Asenitsa unit, Central Rhodope massif

Asenitsa unit metapelites (Central Rhodope massif) have a high variability in mineral, bulk chemical and trace element composition. Kyanite, staurolite and garnet are the major minerals in schists and show intensive retrograde change. Discrimination diagrams based on immobile trace elements indicate continental island arc or active margin setting of deposition.

Rediscovering the largest kiln site in the middle Yangtze River Valley: insights into Qingbai and grey-greenish ware production at Husi kiln site based on bulk chemical analysis

This paper presents new data from the Husi kiln site, Hubei Province, China, where the unusual size calls into question the primacy of Jingdezhen in porcelain production in medieval China. With its over 180 kilns, the site rivals Jingdezhen in size, yet it has found no mention in textual accounts. The wares produced at Husi include Qingbai and grey-greenish ware of the Tang and the Song periods (seventh to thirteenth century AD). This paper presents compositional data obtained using LA-ICP-MS on samples from five kilns at Husi, comparing them with published data from other kilns. The data set Husi apart, thus allowing for fingerprinting its wares. Based on bulk chemical analysis, the paper furthermore explores the idea that Husi combined elements of southern and northern technologies, thus connecting these two ceramic traditions that previously had been seen as being entirely separate. Some key elements of the early Qingbai ware glaze from Husi resemble wares from Jingdezhen, suggesting a connection between the two sites; however, the glaze recipes for later wares found at Husi differ, indicating that its customer base and marketing strategy changed over time. Furthermore, the iron content of the grey-greenish ware from Husi is extraordinarily high, indicating a unique glaze recipe and production technology independent from Jingdezhen.

Constraints on the ice composition of carbonaceous chondrites from their magnetic mineralogy

Carbonaceous chondrites experienced varying degrees of aqueous alteration on their parent asteroids, which influenced their mineralogies, textures, and bulk chemical and isotopic compositions. Although this alteration was a crucial event in the history of these meteorites, their various alteration pathways are not well understood. One phase that formed during this alteration was magnetite, and its morphology and abundance vary between and within chondrite groups, providing a means of investigating chondrite aqueous alteration. We measured bulk magnetic properties and first-order reversal curve (FORC) diagrams of CM, CI, CO, and ungrouped C2 chondrites to identify the morphology and size range of magnetite present in these meteorites. We identify two predominant pathways of aqueous alteration among these meteorites that can be distinguished by the resultant morphology of magnetite. In WIS 91600, Tagish Lake, and CI chondrites, magnetite forms predominantly from Fe-sulfides as framboids and stacked plaquettes. In CM and CO chondrites, <0.1 μm single-domain (SD) magnetite and 0.1–5 μm vortex (V) state magnetite formed predominantly via the direct replacement of metal and Fe-sulfides. After ruling out differences in temperature, water:rock ratios, terrestrial weathering effects, and starting mineralogy, we hypothesise that the primary factor controlling the pathway of aqueous alteration was the composition of the ice accreted into each chondrite group’s parent body. Nebula condensation sequences predict that the most feasible method of appreciably evolving ice concentrations was the condensation of ammonia, which will have formed a more alkaline hydrous fluid upon melting, leading to fundamentally different conditions that may have caused the formation of different magnetite morphologies. As such, we suggest that WIS 91600, Tagish Lake, and the CI chondrites accreted past the ammonia ice line, supporting a more distal or younger accretion of their parent asteroids.

The effect of protic solvents in the conversion of lignin from Earleaf Acacia tree

Lignin is one of main components of lignocellulosic along with cellulose and hemicellulose. It is a by-product of the paper and pulp industry, and has aromatic backbones making them an ideal renewable feedstock of aromatic compounds for a range of applications. Catalytic conversion of lignin from Earleaf Acacia tree was performed using high pressure/temperature reactor with Ru/C catalyst and protic solvents. The results showed that the conversion of lignin depends on the solvent polarity of protic solvents, and Ru/C catalyst enhanced the lignin conversion. Phenolic compounds are the main components of lignin conversion. Those compounds can be applied as a basement for bulk chemical and fuels.

Caking Phenomena During Pilot-Scale Crystallization of Dextrose Monohydrate

Dextrose Monohydrate (DMH) is a bulk chemical used in the food, beverage, and pharmaceutical industries. The caking often appeared in the crystallization of DMH. Caking is an agglomeration that can affect the product quality of DMH and is dependent on the type of impeller. This study aimed to determine the type of impeller to avoid the caking during the DMH crystallization and identify the DMH caking. The results showed that caking did not occur on the helical ribbon and anchor impeller, while caking appeared on the Rushton turbine impeller. Computational fluid mechanics (CFD) analysis showed that caking occurs due to uneven homogeneity of stirring. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies showed that DMH caking and non-caking had the same peak pattern. Meanwhile, optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis showed that the DMH caking seen agglomerate. Density analysis showed that DMH with caking was 1.257–1.350 kg/L, while the non-caking was 0.504–0.780 kg/L. Caking phenomena during the DMH crystallization can be avoided by using a helical ribbon and anchor impeller. FTIR and XRD analysis cannot be used to identify DMH caking products; meanwhile, optical microscope, SEM, and density analyzes can be used to identify DMH caking products.

Paleoredox conditions, hydrothermal history, and target vectoring in the MacMillan Pass base-metal district, Yukon, Canada: 1 – Lithogeochemistry of proximal and distal shales

ABSTRACT The MacMillan Pass District in Yukon, Canada, hosts the Tom and Jason clastic sediment-hosted Zn-Pb-Ag-(Ba) deposits. Bulk geochemical paleoredox proxies (Eu/Eu*, Ce/Ce*, Mo, Re/Mo, and Ni/Co) indicate anoxic–dysoxic water column and sulfidic porewater conditions persisted during the Late Devonian deposition of the Lower Earn Group host rocks. Positive Eu/Eu* anomalies (up to 3.31) in sulfide mineralization at the Tom deposit are consistent with relatively high temperature (probably &gt;250 °C), reducing, acidic hydrothermal fluids that infiltrated laterally through unconsolidated sediments proximal to the hydrothermal upflow zone and/or exhaled at the seafloor as moderate- to high-density brines. Molybdenum and U enrichment factors (relative to upper continental crust) and Mo/organic C values are consistent with a moderately restricted basin; Mo/C values fall between those of the Black Sea (highly restricted) and the Framvaren Inlet (moderately restricted). A Ba-rich shale was identified in rocks that are distal and time-equivalent units to the Pb-Zn mineralization; based on the bulk chemical compositions and on previous S and Sr isotope studies, we interpret the baryte in this unit to be largely hydrothermal in origin and perhaps remobilized and reprecipitated during hydrothermal base-metal mineralization.

Geology and Geochemical Assessment of Maastrichtian Coal Quality in Abocho area, Northern Anambra Basin, Nigeria

Detailed geologic mapping and geochemical analysis of coal samples around Abocho area, northern Anambra Basin, Nigeria was conducted in order to assess the quality of the coals in the area. Proximate and ultimate analyses were carried out on coal samples from the Mamu Formation to determine its chemical characteristics. Physical analysis was also carried out on the coal samples to determine the specific gravity, density and hardness. Geochemical analysis was also carried out on the associated rocks in the study area (Abocho), particularly Shales and Clays to determine their major oxides composition. The area is composed of the Maastrichtian Mamu Formation overlain by the Ajali Sandstone of the same age both dipping between 16°E and 19°E. The geologic mapping of Abocho area revealed two mappable lithologic units: The Mamu Formation and the Ajali Sandstone. The Proximate analyses indicates that the coal contains an average 7.15%, 35.53%, 36.24% of moisture content, volatile matter and fixed carbon respectively. These burns to generate 4,339 kcal/kg calorific value with 20.80% ash yield. The result of the ultimate analysis shows 57.81% organic carbon, 4.15% hydrogen, 8.41% oxygen, 1.39% nitrogen and 0.3% Sulphur. The physical analysis revealed that, the coal has an average specific gravity of 1.5g/cm, average density of 1.4g/cm3 and average hardness of 1.2. These characteristics qualify the coal to be ranked as high volatile sub-bituminous to marginal lignite. The coal is thus, suitable for combustion, gasification, electric power generation and industrial uses. Geochemical results show that the Shale contains 60% Silica (SiO2) and 26%Alumina (Al2O3) constituting 86% of bulk chemical composition. The Clay contains 70% Silica (SiO2) and 25% Alumina (Al2O3), constituting 95% of bulk chemical composition. The occurrences of CaO, NaO and K2O which are the major component of feldspar in clay suggests the clay to be of granitic origin possibly from Oban massif, east of the Anambra Basin. It also suggests low feldspar content.