Trust-Enabled Energy Effective Optimal Framework for Detection of Intrusions in the Network Using AI Scheme

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are self-possessed of the devices that are capable of actuating/sensing, processing, and communicating. This is employed for enhancing the day-to-day life, moreover secure data transmission was regarded as the major challenging aspect for the deployment of data. Data dissemination is a crucial in the complex communications framework for transferring messages for any given condition on the network. The dilemma of fixing the safest efficient route was a tedious issue. Hence the secure and most reliable way will give the appropriate solution for the routing issues. Here in this paper the Trust based energy efficient route path identification by Multi-faceted biologically-inspired probabilistic Cuckoo search Node optimization algorithm (TEERP-MFBPCS)is employed to find the efficient safest route within a short period. After seeing the efficient route, the node can be distinguished upon the traffic and security. Then in the selected route, the nodal distance can be calculated through applying weighted-biased end-to-end delay-based approach for traffic analysis. Finally, the intrusion node can be detected and the performance analysis is carried.

Memories of past close encounters in extreme trans-Neptunian space: Finding unseen planets using pure random searches

Context. The paths followed by the known extreme trans-Neptunian objects (ETNOs) effectively avoid direct gravitational perturbations from the four giant planets, yet their orbital eccentricities are in the range between 0.69−0.97. Solar system dynamics studies show that such high values of the eccentricity can be produced via close encounters or secular perturbations. In both cases, the presence of yet-to-be-discovered trans-Plutonian planets is required. Recent observational evidence cannot exclude the existence, at 600 AU from the Sun, of a planet of five Earth masses. Aims. If the high eccentricities of the known ETNOs are the result of relatively recent close encounters with putative planets, the mutual nodal distances of sizeable groups of ETNOs with their assumed perturber may still be small enough to be identifiable geometrically. In order to confirm or reject this possibility, we used Monte Carlo random search techniques. Methods. Two arbitrary orbits may lead to close encounters when their mutual nodal distance is sufficiently small. We generated billions of random planetary orbits with parameters within the relevant ranges and computed the mutual nodal distances with a set of randomly generated orbits with parameters consistent with those of the known ETNOs and their uncertainties. We monitored which planetary orbits had the maximum number of potential close encounters with synthetic ETNOs and we studied the resulting distributions. Results. We provide narrow ranges for the orbital parameters of putative planets that may have experienced orbit-changing encounters with known ETNOs. Some sections of the available orbital parameter space are strongly disfavored by our analysis. Conclusions. Our calculations suggest that more than one perturber is required if scattering is the main source of orbital modification for the known ETNOs. Perturbers might not be located farther than 600 AU and they have to follow moderately eccentric and inclined orbits to be capable of experiencing close encounters with multiple known ETNOs.

Genetics of lodging resistance related traits in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

To evaluate the genetic background of lodging traits, six populations of two wheat crosses were sown under different nitrogen levels by using split plot design. Generation mean analysis was used to estimate the gene action for lodging related traits. Results showed genetic variability and significant differences for all traits. Allelic and non-allelic gene actions were operative for different traits with different magnitude under both normal and lodging condition. Duplicate types of espistasis were observed for grain yield per plant, 1000- kernel weight, number of grains per spike and number of tillers. The stem diameter, height of basal nodes and basal inter-nodal distance depicted the additive, additive × dominance and dominance gene action. The aforementioned results showed that plant height, stem diameter, height of basal nodes and basal internodal distance were more prone traits for lodging and selection should be practiced in later generations with increasing homozygosity.

Transmit Power Allocation with Connectivity Probability for Multi-QoS in Cluster Flight Spacecraft Network

In this paper, we investigate the transmit power allocation problem to minimize the average packet error rate at the access point in the cluster flight spacecraft network, which adopts the CSMA/CA channel access mechanism. First, the node mobility, nodal distance distribution, and probabilistic adjacency matrix were formulated for cluster flight spacecraft network based on twin-satellite mode. Then, the optimization-theoretic model described the optimized transmit power allocation strategy and its implementation algorithm was proposed. And the problem of minimizing the packet error rate of the cluster flight spacecraft network system can be converted into maximizing the expectation of the binary probabilistic adjacency matrix, i.e., maximizing the sum of the nondiagonal elements in the probabilistic adjacency matrix. Due to discreteness of nodal distance distribution, Monte Carlo method was applied to solve the transmit power allocation problem. Yet importantly, the influence of node transmit power on the QoS performance of cluster flight spacecraft network was simulated and analyzed under the assumption of finite overall network transmit power and low traffic load. Finally, the results show that the pocket error rate increases with the provided traffic load, but the pocket error rate hardly changes with the same traffic load in different sequential time slots of any orbital hyperperiod or in the same time slot of different orbital hyperperiods, and by maximizing the sum of the nondiagonal elements in the probabilistic adjacency matrix, the pocket error rate minimum is achieved for a given total network transmit power at any time slot for cluster flight spacecraft network.

Simulation Based Topology Optimization in Wireless Sensor Network

Background: Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is among the most promising technologies that can be used to monitor crucial ambient conditions. WSNs are capable of effectively monitoring the environmental parameters and any habitat necessary to be investigated. Sometimes, it is very important to periodically monitor the critical environmental parameters such as humidity, temperature, soil moisture, fire, volcanic eruptions, Tsunamis, seismic waves and many more to react proactively to save lives and assets. This research work is an endeavor to present the importance and to determine the precise inter- nodal distance required for distinct applications. The networks of the different terrain area and internodal distance are deployed to evaluate and analyze the performance metrics such as a number of messages received average end to end delay (secs), throughput (bps) and jitter (secs). The influence of varying inter-nodal distance on the performance of WSN is determined to select the most appropriate value of the distance between nodes in particular monitoring application. The patents related to the topology based analysis of wireless nodes are reconsidered. Methods: The placement of nodes and inter-nodal distance significantly influences the operation and performance of WSNs by diverging the ability of sensors to observe an event of interest and transmission of information to data aggregation nodes (sink nodes). Moreover, effective sensor placement also affects the resource management. The investigation of specific regions and habitats has peculiar constraints of node placement and inter-nodal distance making it highly application specific. In this research work, the intent is to monitor an entire area to attain optimum coverage to detect the occurrence of a significant event. The node placement and inter-nodal distance can be classified on the basis of the role played by the deployed nodes, like, placement of ordinary sensor nodes/Reduced Function Devices (RFDs) and relay nodes/Full Function Devices (FFDs), respectively. The sensors are compatible with IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee protocol and application implemented is Constant Bit Rate (CBR) generator. This paper analyzed and evaluated the influence of placement and inter-nodal distance of RFDs to the data aggregation ability of sink node. The terrain area (m2) of different sensor networks deployed are 110×110, 200×200, 300×300, 400×400 and 500×500, respectively. The number of sensor nodes is constant equal to 100 to evaluate their ability to provide optimum performance. The parameter internodal distance is varied, keeping all other parameters constant to effectively evaluate its influence. The simulations are carried out on QualNet 6.1 simulator. Results: The variation in inter-nodal distance significantly influences the performance metrics of the network such as the number of messages received, average end to end delay, throughput and jitter. In this paper, the distance between sensor nodes and terrain areas of grid topology is varied accordingly to deduce that which value of the inter-nodal distance and network provides optimum performance. The thorough evaluation of the simulation results presented that the inter-nodal distance of 30 m and terrain area of 300×300 m2 has generated optimum performance by providing the highest number of messages received (208) and highest throughput (2544.34 bps). It is also capable of providing minimum end to end delay (14.45 secs) and lowest jitter (6.67 secs). Conclusion: The objective of this paper to determine the optimum inter-nodal distance and terrain area of a WSN of 100 nodes is successfully achieved. It is analyzed and evaluated that the inter-nodal distance of 30 m and terrain area of 300×300 m2 enhance and optimize the network performance significantly.

Responds of Superior Teak (Tectona grandis) on Different Sulphur Concentrations

The tree improvement program has invented superior teak with an ability to improve its productivity. Yet the information about basic nutrient requirement of superior teak is less known. This study aimed to determine the optimal concentration of sulfur for the best growth of superior teak seedling and to identify the morphological symptoms of teak seedlings affected by several concentration levels of S. This study was conducted at a nursery on six months old teak seedlings. The experimental design was Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four different solution treatments with three replication each. The treatments are K (control, aqua dest does not contain nutrients), S0 (solution contains nutrients except sulfur), S1 (solution contains nutrients with 0,5 full strength of S), and S2 (solution contains nutrients with full strength of S). Each treatment was replicated 3 times. Parameter observed included the height of seedling, the diameter of seedling, the nodal distance of seedling, the number of leaves, size of leaves and morphological symptoms of leaf. The results showed that at a concentration of nitrogen (N), phosphor (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) in full strength level, superior teak seedling which treated by S1 (S concentration of 421 ppm) resulted in the best growth. However, the morphology of teak leaves in all treatment showed abnormal.Keywords: growth, morphology, sulfur, superior teak