Effect of Microbial Enzymes on the Changes in the Composition and Microstructure of Hydrolysates from Poultry By-Products

Poultry by-products are promising for the production of protein hydrolysates by enzymatic hydrolysis. The aim of the study is to research the effect of bacterial concentrates on the changes in the amino acid composition and microstructure of poultry by-products during fermentation. Hydrolysis of the gizzards and combs was carried out with a liquid concentrate of bifidobacteria and propionic acid bacteria. As a result of microstructural study of fermented by-products, a decrease in the perception of histological dyes, poor visualization of the cell elements and blurring of the connective tissue matrix were established. During morphometric analyses, we found a reduction in the specific area of connective tissue, the diameter of collagen fibers and the thickness of muscle fibers. A significant effect of the fermentation on the particle size distribution was noted; samples hydrolyzed by microbial enzymes were characterized by a high uniformity of particle sizes and a large number of small particles. Our research revealed an increase in the concentration of free amino acids in the hydrolysates during the fermentation period. The results of biochemical and microscopic analysis confirm the good hydrolysability of hen combs and gizzards under the action of microbial enzymes.

Cryptogenic organising pneumonia: current understanding of an enigmatic lung disease

Organising pneumonia (OP) is currently recognised as a nonspecific lung injury response that is associated with a variety of imaging patterns obtained with high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the chest and is characterised histopathologically by the presence of inflammatory cells and a connective tissue matrix within distal airspaces of the lungs. OP is associated with many conditions that include connective tissue disorders, various infections, drug reactions, hypersensitivity pneumonitis and aspiration. When OP cannot be linked to an associated condition and appears to be idiopathic, it is termed cryptogenic organising pneumonia.

Selection of Histological Parameters for the Development of an Analytical Method for Discriminating Fresh and Frozen/Thawed Common Octopus (Octopus vulgaris) and Preventing Frauds along the Seafood Chain

This study aimed at selecting effective histological indicators of the freezing process, for the discrimination of fresh and frozen common octopus Octopus vulgaris. Histological indices of freezing process were selected in mantle and arm muscle and axial nerve tissues. Seven histological parameters were chosen: overall muscle tissue structural organization (a); gaping among muscle bundles (b); presence of optically empty spaces between and within muscle bundles (c); white spaces percentage between and within muscle bundles (d); overall nerve structural organization (e); presence of linear fissures and/or empty spaces within neuropil and axonal tract (f); presence of empty spaces within connective tissue matrix surrounding the nerve (g); empty space percentage within arm axial nerve region (h). The parameters were assessed on 150 mantle muscle sections (a, b, c, d), 150 arm muscle (b, c) and nervous (e, f, g, h) tissue sections belonging to 20 fresh exemplars further subdued to conventional freezing procedure at − 20 °C, 25 fresh curled exemplars, 25 exemplars industrially frozen at − 80 °C, and 20 thawed, curled, and individually quick frozen exemplars. Overall structural organization (a, e), gaping (b), and presence of optically empty spaces (c, f) confirmed significant morphological freezing indices in mantle and arm sections. In mantle, two d values (d < 25% and 25% < d < 33%) were proposed as complementary thresholds to be applied in association with b and c indices for freezing discrimination. These parameters appear eligible to set a method for discriminating fresh/thawed octopus products to be applied both in official control and self-check activities.

LCAT, ApoD, and ApoA1 Expression and Review of Cholesterol Deposition in the Cornea

Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is an enzyme secreted by the liver and circulates with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in the blood. The enzyme esterifies plasma cholesterol and increases the capacity of HDL to carry and potentially remove cholesterol from tissues. Cholesterol accumulates within the extracellular connective tissue matrix of the cornea stroma in individuals with genetic deficiency of LCAT. LCAT can be activated by apolipoproteins (Apo) including ApoD and ApoA1. ApoA1 also mediates cellular synthesis of HDL. This study examined the expression of LCAT by epithelial cells, keratocytes, and endothelial cells, the cell types that comprise from anterior to posterior the three layers of the cornea. LCAT and ApoD were immunolocalized to all three cell types within the cornea, while ApoA1 was immunolocalized to keratocytes and endothelium but not epithelium. In situ hybridization was used to detect LCAT, ApoD, and ApoA1 mRNA to learn what cell types within the cornea synthesize these proteins. No corneal cells showed mRNA for ApoA1. Keratocytes and endothelium both showed ApoD mRNA, but epithelium did not. Epithelium and endothelium both showed LCAT mRNA, but despite the presence of LCAT protein in keratocytes, keratocytes did not show LCAT mRNA. RNA sequencing analysis of serum-cultured dedifferentiated keratocytes (commonly referred to as corneal stromal fibroblasts) revealed the presence of both LCAT and ApoD (but not ApoA1) mRNA, which was accompanied by their respective proteins detected by immunolabeling of the cultured keratocytes and Western blot analysis of keratocyte lysates. The results indicate that keratocytes in vivo show both ApoA1 and LCAT proteins, but do not synthesize these proteins. Rather, keratocytes in vivo must take up ApoA1 and LCAT from the corneal interstitial tissue fluid.

LABORATORY-CLINICAL SUBSTANTIATION OF ATRAVMATICITY OF USING INDIVIDUAL HEALING ABUTMENT OF THE AUTHOR'S DESIGN

Subject. To improve the effectiveness of prosthetics for tooth loss, an abutment is proposed, which is used both as an artificial crown and a gum former, which is especially important for prosthetics in the frontal group of teeth. An analysis was made of the local content of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 8 and 9 and their tissue inhibitor (TIMP) and buccal cytology in patients before and after dental implantation surgery using the author's technique and the traditional protocol. Objective ― to evaluate the effectiveness and non-invasiveness of using the author’s abutment design under immediate loading by evaluating oral homeostasis and the level of cell proliferation. Methodology. Three groups of patients were examined: the main of 25 patients from 30 to 60 years old, who used the original technique, comparisons - 40 patients of the same age, where prosthetics and implantation were performed according to the traditional two-stage protocol and a control group of 40 somatically preserved patients of the same age, which do not require dental prosthetics. In all groups, MPP 8, 9, TIMP were studied, and the buccal cytology was also evaluated. Results. The pathogenetic role of disorders of the connective tissue matrix in the development of early complications of dental implantation was revealed. Findings: Laboratory studies and clinical observations of patients of the main group and the comparison group indicate the effectiveness and non-invasiveness of the original methods of prosthetics on implants using an individual abutment with a gingiva shaper.

Comparison of mast cell counts between the patients with moderate and severe periodontitis

Background. The role of mast cells in periodontal tissue degradation has been established. These cells can be efficient in the etiology of periodontitis by participating in gingival homeostasis and releasing cytokines and enzymes, resulting in connective tissue matrix breakdown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the mast cell counts between patients with moderate and severe periodontitis. Methods. This case‒control study was performed on 15 subjects with severe periodontitis and 15 subjects with moderate periodontitis, who needed periodontal surgical treatment. Incisional biopsies were provided during periodontal surgery. Afterward, the mean counts of mast cells were determined after toluidine blue staining of the samples. Finally, data were analyzed with SPSS. Results. The results of this study showed that mast cell counts in severe periodontitis cases were lower than those in moderate periodontitis. However, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups (P=0.611). In addition, the mean mast cell counts in males and females did not show a statistically significant difference (P=0.231), although the count was higher in female subjects. Conclusion. Based on the results, no statistically significant differences were found in mast cell counts between subjects with severe periodontitis and those with moderate periodontitis.

Molecular Diagnosis of Fibro-osseous Lesions of the Oral and Maxillofacial Region: A Tale from Africa

Fibro-osseous lesions (FOLs) are a poorly defined but pathologically diverse group of lesions affecting the craniofacial bones and jaw. They are mostly characterized by the replacement of bone by a benign connective tissue matrix, which may contain foci of mineralization in the form of woven bone or cementum-like round acellular intensely basophilic structures. These lesions, although diverse, often present similar clinico-pathological and radiographic features. This often leads to difficulty in diagnosis and management. Definitive diagnosis is often reached only by incisional or excisional biopsy in resource-limited settings. Epidemiologically, the incidence and prevalence of different FOLs have been variable depending on the region. Reports from Africa indicated that FOLs make up to 10% of all oral biopsies, while others have given lower figures. A good understanding of the pathogenetic mechanism for FOLs is important, and state of the art molecular approaches are bound to improve the diagnosis and delineation of various entities that fall under the FOL category. Not least, the classification and nomenclature of these lesions by the World Health Organization (WHO) have changed significantly over the years. Hence, we have presented in this review a robust discussion on the pathobiology, emerging molecular markers, diagnostic challenges, future perspectives and recent changes to the classification/nomenclature of FOLs by WHO. In addition, we also discussed the diagnostic bottlenecks encountered during diagnosis of FOL in Africa.

The influence of indolicidin analogues on the content of the connective tissue matrix of periodontium in the acute periodontitis

Affliation. Federal state budgetary educational institution of higher education «Kursk state medical university» Ministry of healthcare Russian Federation.Our aim is the relevance of the research topic is conditioned by the wide spreading of the periodontitis among effcient population. The purpose of investigation – the research of the influence of indolicidin analogues N7 and N8 on the content of connective tissue matrix and prooxidant-antioxidant balance in the periodontium in the periodontitis. Methods: periodontitis was simulated according to the method supposed by Volozhin A.I. and Vinogradova S.I. (1990). The animals were withdrawal from the experiment in the 7, 14 and 21 days after the removal of the thread. The content of oxyproline, glycosaminoglycans malonic aldehyde, acylhydroperoxides, catalase activity were determined in the periodontium tissue. Indolicidin analogues N7 and N8 were injected intraperitoneally within 7 days after the removal of the thread.Results. the increase of the concentration of lipid peroxidation metabolites, the decrease of the content of free and bound oxyproline, glycosaminoglycans, catalase activity. Both indolicidin analogues had two-phase influence on the concentration of malonic aldehyde and acylhydroperoxides: the increase on the 7 day and the decrease on the 21 one; increased the concentration of free and bound oxyproline, glycosaminoglycans.Summary. Periodontitis development is accompanied by the decrease of the content of free and bound oxyproline, glycosaminoglycans, lipid peroxidation activation, the drop of catalase activity in the periodontium tissue. The investigated indolicidin analogues had two-phase action on the content of the lipid peroxidation metabolites in the periodontium: the increase on the 7 day and the decrease on the 21 one; increased the concentration of free and bound oxyproline, glycosaminoglycans, stimulated the catalase activity.

Normal atrial and ventricular myocardial structures

The heart functions by means of a three-dimensional arrangement of myofibres supported by an extracellular matrix which plays an important role in maintaining the size and shape of the heart. In both atria, the structure of the walls and the atrial septum confers a three-dimensional arrangement of muscle bundles and myoarchitecture that allows preferential electrical intra- and interatrial conduction which is important for a better understanding of atrial activation and arrhythmias. The myoarchitecture within the ventricular walls has a three-dimensional arrangement of myofibres, within a supporting matrix of fibrous tissue, which changes orientation from being oblique in the subepicardium to circumferential in the middle and to longitudinal in the subendocardium, allowing the chambers to change in shape and size through the cardiac cycle. Within each ventricle, the circumferential portion is the thickest transmurally, with the longitudinal portion the thinnest. The three-dimensional arrangement of the ventricular mesh serves to realign the myocytes during ventricular contraction, accounting for the extent of systolic mural thickening. Abnormal myoarchitecture in combination with alterations in the connective tissue matrix provide the structural basis for abnormalities in myocardial function.